Permanent-magnet (PM) motors use permanent magnets to provide the magnetic fluxfor the field (see Figure 7.7). The armature is similar to those in the woundfield motorsdiscussed earlier. Three types of magnets are used: (1) The Alnico magnet (iron basedalloy) has a highflux density but loses its magnetization under some conditions such asa strong armature field during stalled operation; (2) ferrite (ceramic) magnets have a lowflux density, so they have to be larger, but they are not easily demagnetized; (3) the newer,socalled rare-earth magnets, made from samariumcobalt or neodymiumcobalt, havethe combined desirable properties of highflux density and high resistance to demagnet
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