In my experience, either natural softening or the shale membrane effect may result in NaHCO3 waters, often with high fluoride and high pH. A couple of refs:White 1965 Saline waters of sedimentary rocks, in AAPG symposium Fluids in Subsurface Environments, p 342-366.van Everdingen 1968 Mobility of main ion species in reverse osmosis and the modification of subsurface brines, in Can J Earth Sciences vol 5, p 1253-1260. Formation of NaHCO3 type of water ? - ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Formation_of_NaHCO3_type_of_water [accessed Oct 28, 2016].
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