Điều này thay đổi rộng rãi trên quang phổ áp lực và với bản chất của vật phẩm 'thử nghiệm', nhưng trong danh sách này thường bao gồm:• một môi trường phù hợp• một đo lường thích hợp tiêu chuẩn• một phương tiện để kết nối tiêu chuẩn với các dụng cụ thử nghiệm• một phương pháp tạo ra và điều chỉnh áp suất• một hệ thống để ghi lại các phép đo (bao gồm các tham số phụ trợ như nhiệt độ)• một phương pháp tính kết quả từ các đo lường• một thủ tục xác định trước• nhân viên được đào tạo đầy đủ.Environment The environment should normally be a stable one, with minimal vibration, tilt, and a stable temperature. This enables instrument performance to be quantified more easily, although the results are not necessarily representative of those that would have been achieved in a less stable environment. Having calibrated a device under good ‘laboratory’ conditions, allowance has to be made for any worse in-service conditions that may occur. An alternative is to calibrate a device under the more realistic conditions – more widely fluctuating temperature perhaps – but unless the procedure is rigorous it is unlikely to simulate properly all effects of poor environment in the right combination. It is also unlikely that the standard being used for the calibration was itself evaluated under such conditions and the calculated measurement uncertainties will not therefore readily apply. It is thus more common to calibrate under ‘good’ conditions and apply separately determined corrections to allow for a poorer in-service environment.Measurement standard Almost any pressure instrument can be used as a standard providing its performance is consistent with the nature of the measurements required and its associated measurement uncertainties are sufficiently low for the purpose in hand (see section 7.5)Connecting-up The majority of pressure measuring instruments are calibrated by connecting their pressure ports to a pressure standard via suitable pipework and possibly a manifold but this is not always the case.Some instruments are total immersion devices and have to be calibrated inside a pressure vessel, where the pressure is measured by a standard which is either inside the vessel too or connected to it via a pipe. Fortin and Kew station barometers are such instruments and their calibration requires mechanical connections through the vessel walls to enable the barometers to be set and portholes to enable readings to be taken by eye. A number of electronic pressure transducers are similarly total immersion devices.Vacuum instruments cannot generally be calibrated using pipework connections to the measurement standard, but for several reasons need to be connected via a comparatively large vacuum chamber instead. Most vacuum gauges do not measure pressure directly, but respond to gas density which may be determined from, for example, thermal properties or the ionisation of gas molecules. In these cases the gauge’s reading will depend not only on the pressure but also on the gas composition. Some gauges significantly perturb the pressure, temperature and uniformity of gas composition and it is important that these effects be minimised. In addition, the test gas must be the dominant component of the mixture. A large volume to surface area ratio is normally required to achieve this– hence the need for a calibration chamber. At pressures below about 100 Pa, significant pressure gradients may exist within a pipework system, even in equilibrium. The ideal size of the calibration chamber depends on many factors including the number and type of gauges to be mounted and the pressure range of interest. As a rough indication, a chamber of between 50 litres and 100 litres is appropriate for calibrations at pressures around 10-4 Pa, and one of 30 litres for pressures above 10-1 Pa. Some commercially available systems are smaller and as such attract higher uncertainty estimates.Generating and regulating pressure There are many ways of generating the required nominal pressure. In selecting one, a useful starting point might be to consider whether the required pressure is substantially below, around or above atmospheric pressure. Also, is regulation required – to hold the pressure steady, perhaps in the presence of temperature fluctuations or small leaks for example? Note that in most calibration applications it is important to ensure that the pressure is held as stable as possible.
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