microactuators. However, cymbaltransducers were limited to shallow
water applications, for example at depths less than 200 m, to
prevent the hydrostatic pressure imparting permanent deformations
on the device end-caps.Anew design was proposed to address
this limitation, where the end-cap had a concave shape [9], and was
named the ‘double-dipper’ transducer. This concave configuration
meant that the transducer could operate under higher pressures,
albeit with reduced output displacement. This was one of the first
attempts to enhance the design of the cymbal transducer for high
power applications.
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