UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force onTrade, Environment and Development (CBTF)A Preliminary Analysis of MEA Experiences inIdentifying and Facilitatingthe Transfer of TechnologyWhat Insights Can Be Drawn for the WTO EGS Negotiations?United Nations Environment ProgrammeUnited Nations Conference on Trade and EnvironmentiiiA Preliminary Analysis of MEA Experiences inIdentifying and Facilitatingthe Transfer of TechnologyWhat Insights Can Be Drawn for the WTO EGS Negotiations?United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD), 2007NoteSymbols of the United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect theviews of the UNCTAD and UNEP secretariats.AcknowledgementsThis paper was prepared for the UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force on Trade, Environmentand Development (CBTF). The CBTF would particularly like to thank the author of the paper, ConstanzaMartinez (environmental law consultant), for her principal contribution towards this publication.The paper was written in close collaboration with the UN Secretariats of the Basel Convention on the Controlof Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention), Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (CITES), Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol), andStockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm Convention). In particular, the CBTFgratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of Laura Thompson (Consultant, Basel Convention),Markus Lehmann (CBD), Marceil Yeater (CITES), Stephen Nash (CITES), and Gilbert Bankobeza (MontrealProtocol).Special thanks go to Ulrich Hoffmann (UNCTAD), Alexey Vikhlyaev (UNCTAD), and Matthew Stilwell(Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development) for their valuable feedback and comments. Thedraft paper was also distributed to Geneva-based government missions for comment and feedback in July2006.For the UNEP-UNCTAD CBTF, Benjamin Simmons (UNEP) was responsible for managing the project andwas supported by Michael Chang, Cristina Gueco, Sikina Jinnah, Kristina Moeller, and Kim Smaczniak.Administrative assistance was provided by Desiree Leon (UNEP).Finally, UNEP and UNCTAD would like to thank the European Union for their financial support of theCBTF, which made the preparation of this paper possible.
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UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity-Building
Task Force on Trade, Environment
and Development (CBTF)
The UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity-Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and Development (CBTF) was
launched in March 2000. It is a collaborative initiative between the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that provides support
to countries on issues related to trade and environment in pursuit of national sustainable development and
poverty reduction goals. It was created in response to requests by governments to help developing countries
and countries with economies in transition to understand and address the complex trade-environmentdevelopment
linkages at the national level and also to effectively participate in negotiations at the international
level.
By combining UNEP’s expertise on the environmental aspects of trade and UNCTAD’s expertise on the
developmental aspects of trade, and with access to both organizations’ global networks and work programmes,
CBTF provides a highly effective framework for implementing a comprehensive set of capacity building
activities that respond to nationally-defined needs. In undertaking its activities CBTF also maintains close
cooperation with the World Trade Organization (WTO), governments, intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Since its inception in 2000, the CBTF has provided capacity building support to over 1,200 policymakers
and stakeholders from 39 countries. So far, CBTF has convened more than 30 capacity building events in
Asia, Africa and Latin America, and has sent advisory missions to China, Jordan, Kenya, Tanzania and
Uganda. In addition, the CBTF has implemented 10 country projects on issues ranging from the promotion
of trade in organic agriculture to supporting national wildlife trade policy reviews.
The CBTF supported the development of the East African Organic Products Standard (EAOPS), which is
the world’s second regional standard after the European Union. The EAOPS has been adopted by the East
African Community as its official voluntary standard and will be applied by Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya,
Tanzania and Uganda.
ix
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... v
UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task on Trade, Environment and
Development (CBTF) .......................................................................................................... vii
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. ix
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................... xiii
I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
II. International Calls for Promoting Environmentally Sound
Technologies ................................................................................................................... 5
III. Technology and MEA Implementation ............................................................. 7
1. Basel Convention ........................................................................................................... 7
a) Objective ............................................................................................................ 7
b) Technology identification ................................................................................... 8
c) Access to and transfer of technology ................................................................. 9
2. CBD ............................................................................................................................... 10
a) Objective ............................................................................................................ 10
b) Technology identification ................................................................................... 11
c) Access to and transfer of technology ................................................................. 12
3. CITES ............................................................................................................................ 13
a) Objective ............................................................................................................ 13
b) Technology identification ................................................................................... 14
c) Access to and transfer of technology ................................................................. 15
4. Montreal Protocol .......................................................................................................... 16
a) Objective ............................................................................................................ 16
b) Technology identification ................................................................................... 16
c) Access to and transfer of technology ................................................................. 17
UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and Development (CBTF)
5. Stockholm Convention .................................................................................................... 18
a) Objective ........................................................................................................... 18
b) Technology identification ................................................................................... 18
c) Access to and transfer of technology ................................................................. 19
IV. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................... 21
xi
Executive Summary
The critical role technology plays in reducing and controlling pollution, treating waste, managing natural
resources, monitoring the state of the environment, and predicting environmental change has long been
recognized by the international community. Agenda 21, adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992, highlighted
the importance of technology in achieving environmental goals, and the need to make this technology
accessible, by calling for favourable access to and transfer of environmentally sound technologies to
developing countries. This call is reflected in a number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs),
which include provisions related to identifying appropriate technology as well as facilitating access to and
encouraging the transfer of technology.
The international trade community also reflected the potential for technology to support environmental
objectives in the WTO Doha Ministerial Declaration, which calls for negotiations on the reducti
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