where R1 ¼ R2 for most diesters and R2 ¼ H for the monoester. They were first commercialized under the trade name ‘‘Aerosols.’’ The diesters where R1 is C9 or less generally have good water solubility, although the di-n-octyl diester does have some solubility problems in water at room temperature. The branched-chain esters usually have higher water solubility than do the straight-chain analogs.The higher alkyl analogs of these materials are somewhat unique in that they have good solubility in a wide variety of organic solvents and undergo apparent micelle formation in many nonaqueous systems. A possible disadvantage of the sulfosuccinate esters is that they do undergo significant hydrolysis under both acidic and basic conditions. The secondary alcohol esters are more stable in this regard than the primary analogs, especially under basic conditions.Related to the sulfosuccinic diesters are the sulfosuccinamides, succinimides, and succinamates, which may show some advantage in stability but usually require more harsh conditions for formation. The sulfosuccinic diamide materials are pre- pared in a manner similar to that for the diesters from maleic anhydride or the free acid and a primary or secondary amine, followed by the addition of sodium bisulfite across the double bond to give materials of the general structure
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