The present review compiles the work done over the last few decades on the use of lignin and lignin-based chars and activated carbonsas adsorbents for the removal of substances from water and focuses on the utilisation of lignin as adsorbent, its conversion to chars andactivated carbons and the use of these materials as adsorbents. Moreover, the review also examines the textural and surface chemicalproperties of lignin-based activated carbons. The work so far carried out indicates that lignin is relatively non-reactive and probablythe component of lignocellulosic precursors primarily responsible for the microporosity of activated carbons. Under appropriate conditions of activation it is possible to obtain materials with surface areas and pore volumes approaching 2000 m2 g1 and 1 cm3 g1, respectively, and these materials have capacities for the aqueous phase adsorption of metallic pollutants that are comparable to those ofcommercial activated carbons. Relatively little work has so far been published and there is considerable scope for more detailed studieson the preparation, characterisation and adsorption applications of lignin-based activated carbons. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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