Guangxi and Regional Trading Relati

Guangxi and Regional Trading Relations
While trade with Vietnam most affects Guangxi Province, it has wider reper- cussions for southern and especially southwestern China. Vietnamese coal is shipped to Hainan, and Guangdong is the newest member of the Chinese mercantile economies of East and Southeast Asia, which also includes Ho Chi Minh City (especially Districts 5, 10, and 12, which were parts of the old city of Cholon) as a once powerful and now recovering member. Vietnam's potential importance to southwestern China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Tibet, Yun- nan, and Guangxi) is as an entrepot and conduit of goods from the global market. The rail line from Haiphong to Kunming, the most direct into the Southwest, could be reopened, but by 1996 a new, all-Chinese line should be opened from Beihai on the Guangxi coast through western Guangxi to Kun- ming. There is also considerable interest in developing better transportation links between Yunnan and Thailand. Myanmar is already much more impor- tant to Yunnan than is Vietnam, Tibet and Sichuan are far away, and Guizhou's rail connections with Guangdong are as convenient as its connec- tions to Vietnam; therefore, Vietnam's regional impact is considerably weak- er than its impact on Guangxi.
Vietnam had become Guangxi's second largest trading partner (after Hong
Kong) by 1990, and in 1991 the border trade was two-thirds of the province's official trade with Hong Kong and more than Guangxi's combined trade with Japan, the United States, Germany, Singapore, and France, the third through seventh trading partners, respectively.10 In 1991 Vietnamese border trade was 34% of all official Guangxi trade (which doesn't list Vietnam). If we estimate the province's 1992 official trade using the average rate of increase (16%) for 1989 and 1990, then border trade with Vietnam in 1992 was 41% of official trade. Guangxi has significant earnings from tourism and is in the process of developing a major tourist center at Beihai, but 1991 tourism earn- ings (90% of which were earned at Guilin) were only $77 million, 8% of official total trade value and 21% of trade with Vietnam."1 In Nanning, ex- ports to Vietnam are generally credited with saving the Wanli Brewery from bankruptcy. Clearly, Vietnam is a major trading partner for Guangxi, but Guangxi is not a major trading province in the PRC, ranking seventeenth of thirty in the percentage of national exports and ninth (roughly at the level of Shandong or Zhejiang) in exports as a percentage of provincial gross social
product. The development of the Vietnam trade must be a pleasant surprise
to provincial officials, since estimated trade with Vietnam in 1991 already
exceeded their estimates made in 1988 for total provincial trade in the year 2000.12 Trade, of course, is having a transformative effect at the border. Every Guangxi town and county on the border and on the coast as far as Beihai is experiencing a trade, construction, and investment boom that is particularly prominent because these areas are poor by provincial standards and were es-pecially disadvantaged during the 1980s. The importance of trade is evident at every signpost, since all signs in border towns are posted in Vietnamese as well as Chinese, and sometimes also in Zhuang, a language similar to Can- tonese written in Pinyin. In 1993 the number of daily visitors at Nong Yao, the main trading center near Pingxiang, was estimated at nine to ten thou- sand, with a daily turnover reaching US$100,000, and Pingxiang already earned 50% of its government revenue from border trade in 1991.13 In Dongxing, not only is the entire town being rebuilt and its transportation im- proved but it has organized a joint conference with Vietnam on border coop- eration; it would like to organize an international investment cooperation zone with its adjacent Vietnamese city, Mong Cai, and develop cruise ship itineraries that would stop at the local Golden Beach before proceeding to Vietnam's Ha Long Bay. There is no intrinsic reason why such plans could not be realized at some point in the future, although Vietnam will probably be less enthusiastic about such cooperation.
The only Vietnamese products that are obvious on the Chinese market are
plastic slippers and the distinctive conical hats (non), which can now be seen all over China. Of course, agricultural and forestry products, which are not so evident, constitute the bulk of Vietnamese exports. The most impressive items purchased from Vietnam, however, are foreign luxury cars and motorcycles. In June 1993 a Mercedes Benz cost rmb 670,000 on the border and rmb 800,000 if bought officially in Nanning; a Toyota Crown was rmb 400,000 on the border and rmb 600,000 in Nanning; a Honda 125 motorcycle cost rmb 8,000 on the border and rmb 20,000 "legally."'4 Smuggling is an activity that cuts two ways, as one official's smuggling problem is another official's new Mercedes. There is some trafficking in drugs but not on the scale of the Myanmar-Yunnan smuggling, which provides the drugs available on the street in Nanning.15 Guns and brides are also smuggled into China. To the distress of Vietnam, China has searched ships sailing from Hong Kong to Vietnam looking for luxury goods destined to be smuggled over the border to China.
A final category of border trade effects are indirect, some of which have
been stimulated by concerns that Guangxi and Yunnan might become too
dependent on trade with Vietnam. The most obvious counter-project of this
sort is the construction of a major railroad from Beihai in Guangxi to Kun-ming. This is a very difficult line to build but it would provide efficient domestic transportation from the coast to the Southwest, providing a parallel to the Haiphong-Kunming line and thus preventing development of a depen- dence on Vietnam. The general slogan of the "Great Southwest" (Da Xinan), comprising the five provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet, serves on the one hand to emphasize new relations with bordering countries but on the other to stress Chinese regional integration.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Guangxi and Regional Trading Relations While trade with Vietnam most affects Guangxi Province, it has wider reper- cussions for southern and especially southwestern China. Vietnamese coal is shipped to Hainan, and Guangdong is the newest member of the Chinese mercantile economies of East and Southeast Asia, which also includes Ho Chi Minh City (especially Districts 5, 10, and 12, which were parts of the old city of Cholon) as a once powerful and now recovering member. Vietnam's potential importance to southwestern China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Tibet, Yun- nan, and Guangxi) is as an entrepot and conduit of goods from the global market. The rail line from Haiphong to Kunming, the most direct into the Southwest, could be reopened, but by 1996 a new, all-Chinese line should be opened from Beihai on the Guangxi coast through western Guangxi to Kun- ming. There is also considerable interest in developing better transportation links between Yunnan and Thailand. Myanmar is already much more impor- tant to Yunnan than is Vietnam, Tibet and Sichuan are far away, and Guizhou's rail connections with Guangdong are as convenient as its connec- tions to Vietnam; therefore, Vietnam's regional impact is considerably weak- er than its impact on Guangxi. Vietnam had become Guangxi's second largest trading partner (after Hong Kong) bởi 1990, và năm 1991 biên giới thương mại đã là hai phần ba của tỉnh chính thức thương mại với Hồng Kông và hơn của Quảng Tây kết hợp thương mại với Nhật bản, Mỹ, Đức, Singapore và Pháp, thứ ba thông qua thứ bảy đối tác thương mại, respectively.10 trong thương mại biên giới Việt Nam năm 1991 là 34% của tất cả thương mại chính thức Quảng Tây (mà không liệt kê Việt Nam). Nếu chúng tôi ước tính của tỉnh năm 1992 chính thức thương mại bằng cách sử dụng tốc độ trung bình tăng (16%) cho năm 1989 và 1990, sau đó biên giới thương mại với Việt Nam năm 1992 là 41% của thương mại chính thức. Quảng Tây có đáng kể thu nhập từ du lịch và đang trong quá trình phát triển một trung tâm du lịch chính tại Bắc Hải, nhưng năm 1991 du lịch kiếm được-ings (90% trong số đó đã kiếm được tại Guilin) đã chỉ $77 triệu, 8% của tổng số chính thức thương mại giá trị và 21% của thương mại với Việt Nam. " 1 ở Nam Ninh, ex-chuyển sang Việt Nam nói chung được xem với tiết kiệm các nhà máy bia Wanli, Đài Bắc từ phá sản. Rõ ràng, Việt Nam là đối tác thương mại chính cho Quảng Tây, nhưng Quảng Tây không phải là một tỉnh kinh doanh lớn tại Trung Quốc, xếp hạng 17 của ba mươi tỷ lệ phần trăm của các quốc gia xuất khẩu và quân đoàn số 9 (khoảng ở cấp độ của Shandong hoặc Zhejiang) xuất khẩu như là một tỷ lệ phần trăm của tỉnh xã hội tổng sản phẩm. Sự phát triển của thương mại Việt Nam phải là một bất ngờ thú vị với cán bộ tỉnh, kể từ khi ước tính thương mại với Việt Nam năm 1991 đã exceeded their estimates made in 1988 for total provincial trade in the year 2000.12 Trade, of course, is having a transformative effect at the border. Every Guangxi town and county on the border and on the coast as far as Beihai is experiencing a trade, construction, and investment boom that is particularly prominent because these areas are poor by provincial standards and were es-pecially disadvantaged during the 1980s. The importance of trade is evident at every signpost, since all signs in border towns are posted in Vietnamese as well as Chinese, and sometimes also in Zhuang, a language similar to Can- tonese written in Pinyin. In 1993 the number of daily visitors at Nong Yao, the main trading center near Pingxiang, was estimated at nine to ten thou- sand, with a daily turnover reaching US$100,000, and Pingxiang already earned 50% of its government revenue from border trade in 1991.13 In Dongxing, not only is the entire town being rebuilt and its transportation im- proved but it has organized a joint conference with Vietnam on border coop- eration; it would like to organize an international investment cooperation zone with its adjacent Vietnamese city, Mong Cai, and develop cruise ship itineraries that would stop at the local Golden Beach before proceeding to Vietnam's Ha Long Bay. There is no intrinsic reason why such plans could not be realized at some point in the future, although Vietnam will probably be less enthusiastic about such cooperation. The only Vietnamese products that are obvious on the Chinese market are plastic slippers and the distinctive conical hats (non), which can now be seen all over China. Of course, agricultural and forestry products, which are not so evident, constitute the bulk of Vietnamese exports. The most impressive items purchased from Vietnam, however, are foreign luxury cars and motorcycles. In June 1993 a Mercedes Benz cost rmb 670,000 on the border and rmb 800,000 if bought officially in Nanning; a Toyota Crown was rmb 400,000 on the border and rmb 600,000 in Nanning; a Honda 125 motorcycle cost rmb 8,000 on the border and rmb 20,000 "legally."'4 Smuggling is an activity that cuts two ways, as one official's smuggling problem is another official's new Mercedes. There is some trafficking in drugs but not on the scale of the Myanmar-Yunnan smuggling, which provides the drugs available on the street in Nanning.15 Guns and brides are also smuggled into China. To the distress of Vietnam, China has searched ships sailing from Hong Kong to Vietnam looking for luxury goods destined to be smuggled over the border to China. A final category of border trade effects are indirect, some of which have been stimulated by concerns that Guangxi and Yunnan might become too dependent on trade with Vietnam. The most obvious counter-project of this sort is the construction of a major railroad from Beihai in Guangxi to Kun-ming. This is a very difficult line to build but it would provide efficient domestic transportation from the coast to the Southwest, providing a parallel to the Haiphong-Kunming line and thus preventing development of a depen- dence on Vietnam. The general slogan of the "Great Southwest" (Da Xinan), comprising the five provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet, serves on the one hand to emphasize new relations with bordering countries but on the other to stress Chinese regional integration.