However, when property rights are not clearly defined, then markets canfail to produce an efficient allocation of resources. Externalities arise and canmean that the private benefits and costs received by or paid to a consumer or asupplier does not correspond to those of society. There will be spillover effectsto third parties not formally engaged in the transaction. Positive externalitiesarise when the social benefits of consumption exceed those of the privateindividual, or the social costs of production are less than the private costs ofproduction.Negative externalities occur in the opposite case.Here, the privatebenefits of consumption exceed the social benefits, or the social costs ofproduction are greater than the private benefits. Box 1.4 gives some examplesof externalities in sport.
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