In the UL, a variation of OFDMA called SC-FDMA is used. SC-FDMA combines the low peak to average ratio offered by single-carrier systems with the multipath interference resilience and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation that OFDM provides, to support minimal battery requirement from the UE. OFDM technology implementation in LTE also supports the incorporation of multiple antenna techniques such as MIMO. In previous telecommunications systems, the problem of reflections leads to multiple signals being generated. Using MIMO, these additional paths created by the signal are used to an advantage, such that, the same sent signal undergoes different channels, where the chances that all the channel conditions are bad is minimal. The benefits of this multiple antenna techniques are: reduced power consumption, higher capacity and
throughput, improved spectral efficiency, higher range/wider coverage, lower interference and a better overall signal quality (Award Solutions Inc, 2009).
3.2.2 Radio Access Network (RAN) E-UTRAN is the technology implemented in the access network of LTE. It consists of a network of fully interconnected eNBs as shown in Figure 2. This architecture implements no Radio Network Controller (RNC) as
in 3G UTRAN; hence the E-UTRAN architecture is said to be flat or distributed (Award Solutions Inc, 2009). In LTE, the functionalities of the RNC rest on the eNB. This kind of architecture is simplified with a reduced number of nodes and interfaces leading to reduced Opex and Capex and also reduced latency and increased
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