Land Administration Guidelines –Ian

Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 1
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LAND POLICY REFORM
Jakarta, 25-27 July 2000
LAP-C Project
Support for Long Term Development of Land Management Policies
IRBD Loan No 3792-IND
BEST PRACTICES FOR LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
IAN P. WILLIAMSON
Professor of Surveying and Land Information
Department of Geomatics
The University of Melbourne
Parkville,
Victoria, AUSTRALIA
Email: [e-mail]
From July-October, 2000
La nd Administration Consultant
The World Bank
DECRG,
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20433, USA
Email: [e-mail]
Abstract
This paper provides an introduction to best practice in land administration systems. It draws on
a number of key documents such as the Land Administration Guidelines produced for the
United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Europe (1996), the International Federation of
Surveyors (FIG) Statement on the Cadastre (1995), the UN-FIG Bogor Declaration on
Cadastral Reform(1996), the FIG Cadastre 2014 publication (1998) and the UN-FIG Bathurst
Declaration on Land Administration for Sustainable Development (1999).
It also draws on a wide range of publications concerned with best practice in the development
of cadastral and land administration infrastructures, as well as the author’s experience over
many years. While the paper is focussed on world’s best practice, it does so in the context of
developing and emerging industrial countries such as Indonesia which have diverse land tenure
relationships ranging from areas in cities with active land markets approaching modern land
markets, to whole provinces which are almost completely under traditional or customary tenure.
While the paper recognises that each country has different requirements for cadastral and land
administration infrastructures due to their specific social, legal, cultural, economic, institutional
and administrative circumstances, the paper highlights some common principles in the design
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 2
and implementation of l and administration infrastructures that are usually applicable for
countries such as Indonesia, either now or in the foreseeable future. Importantly not all
principles will be applicable for all countries.
The paper discusses the principles under the following headings:
1. Land policy principles
2. Land tenure principles
3. Land administration and cadastral principles
4. Institutional principles
5. Spatial data infrastructure principles
6. Technical principles
7. Human resource development principles
The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of developing a vision for a land
administration system within each country.
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 3
Introduction
This paper provides an introduction to best practice in land administration
systems. It draws on a number of key documents such as the Land
Administration Guidelines produced for the United Nations (UN) Economic
Commission for Europe (1996), the International Federation of Surveyors
(FIG) Statement on the Cadastre (1995), the UN - FIG Bogor Declaration on
Cadastral Reform (1996), the FIG Cadastre 2014 publication (1998) and the
UN- FIG Bathurst Declaration on Land Administration for Sustainable
Development (1999). It also draws on a wide range of publications concerned
with best practice in the development of cadastral and land administration
infrastructures, as well as the author’s experience over many years. While the
paper is focussed on world’s best practice, it does so in the context of
developing and emerging industrial countries such as Indonesia which have
diverse land tenure relationsh ips ranging from areas in cities with active land
markets approaching modern land markets, to whole provinces which are
almost completely under traditional or customary tenure.
In particular the paper adopts the recommendations from both the Bogor
Declaration and Bathurst Declaration.
While the paper recognises that each country has different requirements for
cadastral and land administration infrastructures due to their specific social,
legal, cultural, economic, institutional and administrative circumst ances, the
paper highlights some common principles in the design and implementation of
land administration infrastructures that are usually applicable for countries such
as Indonesia, either now or in the foreseeable future. Importantly not all
principles will be applicable for all countries.
A Land Administration Reform Framework
In undertaking land administration reform by drawing on “Best practices in
land administration”, it is important to consider the factors that affect the
reform and the choice o f the specific strategies adopted. These factors are many
and varied which re- enforces the statement that the land administration system
for each country requires its own individual strategy. On the other hand
strategies can be developed using the “tool box” approach. That is each specific
strategy and resulting system can be made up of many separate, well
understood, proven and widely accepted components (see for example Holstein
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 4
(1996a), Dale and McLaughlin (1988) and (1999), UNECE (1996), UN - FIG
(1996) and (1999)).
In designing a strategy it is important to recognise that almost every country
will require a range of different strategies depending on the relationship of
humankind to land in each specific region in the specific country. In simple
terms th ese arrangements include:
?? Cities and urban areas, where active land markets operate on titled land,
?? Cities and urban areas, occupied by informal settlements (squatter, illegal or
low cost systems outside the formal or regulatory structures),
?? High value ag ricultural lands which are titled and are part of the formal land
market,
?? Private untitled lands in rural areas and villages,
?? Informal or illegal settlements in rural areas, especially in government
forests,
?? Lands which are subject to indigenous rights, su ch as Adat lands in
Indonesia,
?? Lands in all categories which are the subject of claims from previously
dispossessed persons, and
?? Government or state lands, reserves and forests
To some degree these categories are common to all developing (and many
developed) countries.
The next consideration is that the relationship of humankind to land is dynamic
with the result that there is an evolution in the each of these categories. None
of these relationships stay the same in the long term. They are affected by th e
impact of the global drivers on the relationship of humankind to land such as
sustainable development, urbanisation, globalisation, economic reform and
environmental management, and the stage of development of the specific
country. In simple terms in theAsian - Pacific area for example there are four
general categories of countries:
?? Developed countries, such as Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand and
Singapore,
?? Newly industrialised countries or countries in transition, such as PRC,
Indonesia, Thailand, M alaysia and the Philippines,
?? Countries at an early stage of development such as Vietnam and Laos, and
?? Island states such as Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu.
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 5
While each country has different development priorities, those in each group do
share some similar priorities. A complication is that many countries do not fit
easily into these categories with some countries having aspects of all
categories. But in general the stage of development overall of an individual
country does significantly influence the choice of whi ch land administration
strategies are adopted.
The combination of these factors determine or at least strongly influence, the
specific strategy or strategies adopted in reforming or establishing the land
administration system. These strategies draw on theland administration and
cadastral “tool box” for their institutional, legal, technical and administrative
solutions.
For example there is a whole range of surveying and mapping technologies and
approaches depending on what is the stage of development of the country and
what is the major relationship of humankind to land which is being surveyed or
mapped. These options include sporadic and systematic approaches, graphical
and mathematical surveys, different positioning technologies such as satellite
positioning or scaling off photomaps, different mapping technologies such as
photomaps, topographic mapping and simple cadastral maps.
In addition there is a whole range of options for the recording or determination
of land tenure relationships. There are government guaranteed land titles, deeds
registration systems, title insurance systems, qualified titles (both to boundaries
and title), individual ownership and communal ownership.
For all these arrangements there are a range of technologies which are again
strongly influenced by the wealth and development of the country. For example
whether titles or deeds and cadastral maps will be computerised or held as
paper records or whether the Internet can be utilised to access land records.
Institutional arrangemen ts are influenced by the same factors. Whether the
system is decentralised, deconcentrated or centralised. The level of education
and training in a country. For example if Indonesia wished to have a land
administration system supported by a land title andcadastral surveying system
similar to Australia for example, this could possibly require 40,000 professional
land surveyors and 30 or more university programs educating professional
surveyors (based on Steudler et al,1997). Clearly this is not realistic and as a
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 6
result this re - enforces t

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Đất quản trị hướng dẫn-Ian Williamson - 5 tháng 8, năm 2000-Trang 1CÁC HỘI NGHỊ QUỐC TẾ VỀ CHÍNH SÁCH CẢI CÁCH RUỘNG ĐẤTJakarta, 25-27 tháng 7 năm 2000Dự án vòng-C Hỗ trợ cho sự phát triển dài hạn của chính sách quản lý đất đaiIRBD cho vay số 3792 - INDHỆ THỐNG QUẢN LÝ ĐẤT ĐAI CHO THỰC TIỄN TỐT NHẤTNƯỚC ĐANG PHÁT TRIỂNIAN P. WILLIAMSONGiáo sư đo đạc và tin tức về đấtVùng của ĐHĐại học MelbourneParkville,Victoria, ÚcThư điện tử: [e-mail]ừ tháng bảy-tháng mười, năm 2000La nd tư vấn quản trịNgân hàng thế giớiDECRG,1818 H Street, NWWashington, DC 20433, MỹThư điện tử: [e-mail]óm tắtBài báo này cung cấp một giới thiệu về các thực hành tốt nhất trong đất quản trị hệ thống. Nó dựa trên một số phím tài liệu như các nguyên tắc quản trị đất sản xuất cho cácLiên Hiệp Quốc (UN) Ủy ban kinh tế châu Âu (1996), Liên đoàn quốc tếKhảo sát (hình) tuyên bố trên đai (1995), tuyên bố Bogor của UN-sung vềReform(1996) địa chính, các ấn phẩm hình đai 2014 (1998) và UN-sung Bathurst Tuyên bố về địa chính cho phát triển bền vững (1999). Nó cũng dựa trên một loạt các ấn phẩm có liên quan với các thực hành tốt nhất trong việc phát triển của địa chính và đất quản lý cơ sở hạ tầng, cũng như kinh nghiệm của tác giả trênnhiều năm. Trong khi giấy tập trung vào thực hành tốt nhất của thế giới, nó như vậy trong bối cảnh của phát triển và mới nổi công nghiệp quốc gia chẳng hạn như Indonesia có sở hữu đất đai đa dạngcác mối quan hệ khác nhau, từ các khu vực trong thành phố với hoạt động đất thị trường hiện đại tiếp cận đấtthị trường, toàn bộ tỉnh mà là gần như hoàn toàn theo truyền thống hoặc phong tục nhiệm kỳ.Trong khi giấy công nhận rằng mỗi quốc gia có các yêu cầu khác nhau cho địa chính và đấtcơ sở hạ tầng chính quyền do pháp lý xã hội, cụ thể của họ, văn hóa, kinh tế, thể chếvà trường hợp hành chính, giấy làm nổi bật một số nguyên tắc phổ biến trong thiết kế Đất quản trị hướng dẫn-Ian Williamson - 5 tháng 8, năm 2000-trang 2và thực hiện của l và quản lý cơ sở hạ tầng có thường áp dụng choCác nước như Indonesia, một trong hai bây giờ hoặc trong tương lai gần. Quan trọng không phải tất cảnguyên tắc sẽ được áp dụng cho tất cả các nước.Bài báo thảo luận về các nguyên tắc dưới đề mục sau:1. đất chính sách nguyên tắc2. đất nhiệm kỳ nguyên tắc3. hạ cánh chính quyền và nguyên tắc địa chính4. tổ chức nguyên tắc5. không gian dữ liệu cơ sở hạ tầng nguyên tắc6. kỹ thuật nguyên tắc7. nguyên tắc phát triển human resource nhân sựBài báo kết luận bằng cách nêu bật tầm quan trọng của việc phát triển một tầm nhìn cho một vùng đấtquản lý các hệ thống trong mỗi quốc gia. Đất quản trị hướng dẫn-Ian Williamson - 5 tháng 8, năm 2000-trang 3Giới thiệuBài báo này cung cấp một giới thiệu về các thực hành tốt nhất trong địa chínhHệ thống. Nó dựa trên một số các tài liệu quan trọng như đất Hướng dẫn quản lý sản xuất cho kinh tế Liên Hiệp Quốc (UN)Ủy ban châu Âu (1996), Liên đoàn quốc tế của điều tra(HÌNH) Tuyên bố trên đai (1995), UN - tuyên bố Bogor của hình vềĐịa chính cải cách (1996), công bố sung đai 2014 (1998) và cácUN-sung Bathurst tuyên bố về địa chính cho bền vữngPhát triển (1999). Nó cũng dựa trên một loạt các ấn phẩm liên quan với các thực hành tốt nhất trong việc phát triển của địa chính và đất hành chínhcơ sở hạ tầng, cũng như kinh nghiệm của tác giả trong nhiều năm. Trong khi cácgiấy tập trung vào thực hành tốt nhất của thế giới, nó như vậy trong bối cảnh củaphát triển và mới nổi công nghiệp quốc gia chẳng hạn như Indonesia cóđa dạng đất nhiệm kỳ relationsh IP khác nhau, từ các khu vực trong thành phố với hoạt động đấtthị trường tiếp cận thị trường hiện đại đất, toàn bộ tỉnh cógần như hoàn toàn theo truyền thống hoặc phong tục nhiệm kỳ.Đặc biệt giấy thông qua những khuyến cáo từ cả hai BogorTuyên bố và Bathurst tuyên bố.Trong khi giấy công nhận rằng mỗi quốc gia có các yêu cầu khác nhau chođịa chính và đất cơ sở hạ tầng chính quyền do xã hội cụ thể của họ,luật pháp, văn hóa, kinh tế, thể chế và hành chính circumst chuyên, cácgiấy làm nổi bật một số nguyên tắc chung trong việc thiết kế và thực hiệnland administration infrastructures that are usually applicable for countries suchas Indonesia, either now or in the foreseeable future. Importantly not allprinciples will be applicable for all countries. A Land Administration Reform FrameworkIn undertaking land administration reform by drawing on “Best practices inland administration”, it is important to consider the factors that affect thereform and the choice o f the specific strategies adopted. These factors are many and varied which re- enforces the statement that the land administration systemfor each country requires its own individual strategy. On the other handstrategies can be developed using the “tool box” approach. That is each specific strategy and resulting system can be made up of many separate, wellunderstood, proven and widely accepted components (see for example Holstein Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 4(1996a), Dale and McLaughlin (1988) and (1999), UNECE (1996), UN - FIG (1996) and (1999)). In designing a strategy it is important to recognise that almost every countrywill require a range of different strategies depending on the relationship of humankind to land in each specific region in the specific country. In simpleterms th ese arrangements include:?? Cities and urban areas, where active land markets operate on titled land,?? Cities and urban areas, occupied by informal settlements (squatter, illegal or low cost systems outside the formal or regulatory structures),?? High value ag ricultural lands which are titled and are part of the formal land market,?? Private untitled lands in rural areas and villages,?? Informal or illegal settlements in rural areas, especially in governmentforests,?? Lands which are subject to indigenous rights, su ch as Adat lands inIndonesia,?? Lands in all categories which are the subject of claims from previouslydispossessed persons, and?? Government or state lands, reserves and forestsTo some degree these categories are common to all developing (and manydeveloped) countries. The next consideration is that the relationship of humankind to land is dynamic with the result that there is an evolution in the each of these categories. None of these relationships stay the same in the long term. They are affected by th e impact of the global drivers on the relationship of humankind to land such assustainable development, urbanisation, globalisation, economic reform andenvironmental management, and the stage of development of the specificcountry. In simple terms in theAsian - Pacific area for example there are fourgeneral categories of countries:?? Developed countries, such as Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand andSingapore,?? Newly industrialised countries or countries in transition, such as PRC,Indonesia, Thailand, M alaysia and the Philippines,?? Countries at an early stage of development such as Vietnam and Laos, and?? Island states such as Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu.
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 5
While each country has different development priorities, those in each group do
share some similar priorities. A complication is that many countries do not fit
easily into these categories with some countries having aspects of all
categories. But in general the stage of development overall of an individual
country does significantly influence the choice of whi ch land administration
strategies are adopted.
The combination of these factors determine or at least strongly influence, the
specific strategy or strategies adopted in reforming or establishing the land
administration system. These strategies draw on theland administration and
cadastral “tool box” for their institutional, legal, technical and administrative
solutions.
For example there is a whole range of surveying and mapping technologies and
approaches depending on what is the stage of development of the country and
what is the major relationship of humankind to land which is being surveyed or
mapped. These options include sporadic and systematic approaches, graphical
and mathematical surveys, different positioning technologies such as satellite
positioning or scaling off photomaps, different mapping technologies such as
photomaps, topographic mapping and simple cadastral maps.
In addition there is a whole range of options for the recording or determination
of land tenure relationships. There are government guaranteed land titles, deeds
registration systems, title insurance systems, qualified titles (both to boundaries
and title), individual ownership and communal ownership.
For all these arrangements there are a range of technologies which are again
strongly influenced by the wealth and development of the country. For example
whether titles or deeds and cadastral maps will be computerised or held as
paper records or whether the Internet can be utilised to access land records.
Institutional arrangemen ts are influenced by the same factors. Whether the
system is decentralised, deconcentrated or centralised. The level of education
and training in a country. For example if Indonesia wished to have a land
administration system supported by a land title andcadastral surveying system
similar to Australia for example, this could possibly require 40,000 professional
land surveyors and 30 or more university programs educating professional
surveyors (based on Steudler et al,1997). Clearly this is not realistic and as a
Land Administration Guidelines –Ian Williamson - 5 August , 2000 –Page 6
result this re - enforces t