The electron and hole interacts with water (H2O) to produce •OH and H1. In addition, O2 molecules (suspended within the mixture of bacteria and ZnO) yield superoxide anion (O 2 ), which reacts with H1 to produce HO 2: Afterward, HO 2 interferes with electrons generating hydrogen peroxide (• HO2); which combines with H1 giving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules. The latter are capable to enter the membrane where they either damage or kill the bacteria. H2O2 generation mainly relies on the surface of ZnO-NPs to yield additional active molecules. There is a linear proportionality between the concentrations of H2O2 produced in ZnO slurry and the ZnO particle size [88]. The mentioned researchers expressed the generated ROS by chemical equations as follows:
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