Another useful route to synthesize one-dimensional nanostructures is to load materials into the channels of porous membranes such as track-etched polycarbonate (PTCE), anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) or mesoporous silica membranes (e.g., MCM-41, SBA-15). Loading of these porous structures can be achieved by a wide variety of techniques, such as liquid-phase injection, vapor-phase sputtering, and chemical or electrochemical deposition. Besides porous mesoscopic membranes, crystal surfaces with specific steps and edges may also be used as templates for self-ordering
nanoparticles [10.60–64]. One of the major problems associated with such template-directed methods is the difficulty in achieving single-crystalline nanowires in large quantities.
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