The contribution of the expansion of economic activity to increasing energy use; and compositional changes in the economy towards less energy-intensive sectors that has partly offset the magnitude of increasing energy consumption.• Declining energy intensity, which has dampened growth in energy use; energy intensity has declined by 1.0 per cent a year from 1980 to 2012.• Improvements in energy productivity, which are mainly attributed to energy efficiency activity in the transport and manufacturing sectors.
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