detector for chromatography ( particularly high-performance liquid chromatography )and electrophoresis- environmental remote sensing ( hydrogeologic, aquatic, and atmospheric)- field testing (pH, metal, nonmetals, and organics)- study of equilibrium systems ( complexation, pH, and redox)- trace analysis via reaction rate determination ( catalytic and enzyme)- pharmaceutical analysis- surface analysis by reflectance measurements ( total, specular, and diffuse)
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