MechanismPumps. Peristaltic pumps are commonly used for driving the various higher volume fluids in the machine: blood, dialysate, water, and saline. This type of pump is very convenient because it does not touch the fluids directly. Instead, a section of flexible tubing runs through the pump mechanism where it is compressed by rollers to push the fluid forward. These pumps require a significant amount of power and are driven by either DC or AC motors with variable speed control. Electronic means must be provided to ensure that the motor is turning at the desired rate. Maxim has Hall-effect sensors that give a fully independent signal picked up from actual shaft rotation, which can be used for redundancy if the motors already have Hall-effect sensors built in. For the lower volume fluids such as heparin, a syringe pump mechanism is commonly used driven by a small stepper motor or DC motor. Precise measurement of proper mechanism advance is needed.Valves. Several valves with electronic actuation are needed in the machine to allow variable mixing ratios. Various implementations are possible from simple opened/closed valves driven by solenoids to precision variable-position valves driven by stepper motors or other means.Sensors. Dialysis machines require many different types of sensors to monitor various parameters. Blood pressure at various points in the extracorporeal circuit, dialysate pressure, temperature, O2 saturation, motor speed, dialyzer membrane pressure gradient, and air are all monitored for proper values during dialysis. Unless they have digital outputs, the sensors' analog signals must be amplified, filtered, and digitized before being sent to the controller. The sensors require a range of ADC resolutions depending on the criticality of their accuracy, and a range of sampling speeds depending on the response times required.Cleaning system. Between patient sessions, any reused components must be sterilized. One approach is to heat water or saline to a high sterilizing temperature and then run it through the machine, both through the extracorporeal circuit and through the dialysate circuit. Whatever cleaning mode is used, the machine may require additional driving and monitoring for proper operation.
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
