Self-determination theory and work motivationMARYLE `NE GAGNE ´ 1* AND EDWARD L. DECI2 1Department of Management, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.Summary Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work settings. Differentiating extrinsic motivation into types that differ in their degree of autonomy led to self-determination theory, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains. This article describes self-determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.IntroductionBuilding on Vroom’s (1964) expectancy–valence theory of motivation, Porter and Lawler (1968) proposed a model of intrinsic and extrinsic work motivation. Intrinsic motivation involves people doing an activity because they find it interesting and derive spontaneous satisfaction from the activity itself. Extrinsic motivation, in contrast, requires an instrumentality between the activity and some separable consequences such as tangible or verbal rewards, so satisfaction comes not from the activity itself but rather from the extrinsic consequences to which the activity leads. Porter and Lawler (1968) advocated structuring the work environment so that effective performance would lead to both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, which would in turn produce total job satisfaction. This was to be accomplished by enlarging jobs to make them more interesting, and thus more intrinsically rewarding, and by making extrinsic rewards such as higher pay and promotions clearly contingent upon effective performance. Implicit in this model is the assumption that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are additive, yielding total job satisfaction. Porter and Lawler’s model, Vroom’s theory, and other expectancy–valence formulations generated considerable research, much of which confirmed and refined aspects of the approach (see Mitchell,Received 23 October 2003 Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Revised 2 June 2004 Accepted 8 January 2005*Correspondence to: Maryle `ne Gagne ´, Department of Management, GM 503-49, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1M8. E-mail: mgagne@jmsb.concordia.ca1974). However, one strand of research concerning the additivity of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was potentially problematic and controversial. Specifically, early studies testing the additivity hypothesis found that tangible extrinsic rewards undermined intrinsic motivation whereas verbal rewards enhanced it (Deci, 1971), thus implying that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can be both positively and negatively interactive rather than additive. Based on several early experiments, cognitive evaluation theory (CET; Deci, 1975; Deci & Ryan, 1980) was proposed to explain the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation.
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