The Balanced ScorecardKaplan and Norton introduced the BSC in 1992. Like the TdB, the BSC is a mechanism for translating the organization’s strategy into operational terms (Kaplan and Norton 1992, 1996, 2001a, 2001b, 2001c). Implementing the BSC requires management to (1) develop coherent strategies to achieve their objectives and (2) develop a set of measures for gauging the organization’s performance in implementing those strategic objectives. According to Kaplan and Norton (2001c), a well-developed BSC will allow employees to discern the organization’s strategy simply by examining the scorecard.A BSC is a one-page document with 18 – 25 key measures comparing the organization’s performance to planned targets. The BSC document typically organizes measures into four categories and is the framework for organizing the firm’s strategic objectives into these four perspectives or views (Kaplan and Norton 2001a, 90):1. Financial – the strategy for growth, profitability, and risk viewed from the perspective of the shareholder.2. Customer – the strategy for creating value and differentiation from the perspective of the customer.3. Internal Business Processes – the strategic priorities for various business processes that create customer and shareholder satisfaction.4. Learning and Growth – the priorities to create a climate that supports organizational change, innovation, and growth.The BSC helps to define a strategy’s cause-and-effect relationships in relation to the four perspectives. To execute a strategy, the strategic intent, formulated at the top levels of the organization must cascade downward and have an impact on the lower levels of the organization, particularly in their development of objectives (Porth and Maheshkumar 1998). A BSC implementation tool known as “strategy maps” is used for describing and implementing strategies throughout all levels of the organization. The strategy map specifies elements and their linkages critical to the strategy (Kaplan and Norton 2001a).
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