Birth OrderA considerable body of r

Birth Order
A considerable body of research has demonstrated a correlation between birth order and aspects such as temperament and behavior, and some psychologists believe that birth order significantly affects the development of personality. Psychologist Alfred Adler was a pioneer in the study of the relationship between birth order and personality. A key point in his research and in the hypothesis that he developed based on it was that it was not the actual numerical birth position that affected personality; instead, it was the similar response in large numbers of families to children in specific birth order positions that had an effect. For example, first-borns, who have their parents to themselves initially and do not have to deal with siblings in the first part of their lives, tend to have their first socialization experiences with adults and therefore tend to find the process of peer socialization more difficult. In contrast, later-born children have to deal with siblings from the first moment of their lives and therefore tend to have stronger socialization skills.
Numerous studies since Adler’s have been conducted on the effect of birth order and personality. These studies have tended to classify birth order types into four different categories: first-born, second-born and/or middle, last, and only child.
Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns as found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.
Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting, and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.
The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organization such as sororities and fraternities.
Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children.
Questions
1. The word “body” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
a. Corpse
b. Amount
c. Organization
d. Skeleton
2. What is stated in paragraph 1 a bout Adler?
a. He was one of the first to study the effect of birth order on personality
b. He believed that it was the actual birth order that affected personality.
c. He had found that the responses by family members had little to do with personality.
d. He was the only one to study birth order.
3. The word “traits” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
a. Stresses
b. Marks
c. Characteristics
d. Fears
4. The word “accepting” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
a. Tolerant
b. Affectionate
c. Admissible
d. Respectable
5. The phrase “more achievement oriented” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
a. More directly involved
b. More focused on accomplishments
c. More skilled as leaders
d. More aware of surroundings

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Thứ tự sinhMột cơ thể đáng kể của nghiên cứu đã chứng minh một mối tương quan giữa sinh trật tự và các khía cạnh như tính khí và hành vi, và một số nhà tâm lý học tin rằng thứ tự sinh đáng kể ảnh hưởng đến sự phát triển cá nhân. Nhà tâm lý học Alfred Adler là một nhà tiên phong trong nghiên cứu của mối quan hệ giữa sinh thứ tự và cá tính. Một điểm quan trọng trong nghiên cứu của mình và giả thuyết cho rằng ông đã phát triển dựa trên nó là nó không phải là vị trí thực tế số sinh ảnh hưởng đến nhân cách; thay vào đó, nó đã là các phản ứng tương tự như các số lượng lớn gia đình cho trẻ em ở vị trí thứ tự cụ thể sinh này có tác dụng. Ví dụ, first-borns, những người có cha mẹ của họ để mình ban đầu và không phải đối phó với anh chị em trong phần đầu tiên của cuộc sống của họ, có xu hướng để có kinh nghiệm xã hội đầu tiên của họ với người lớn và do đó có xu hướng để tìm thấy quá trình ngang xã hội hóa khó khăn hơn. Ngược lại, sau đó sinh trẻ em phải đối phó với anh chị em từ thời điểm đầu tiên của cuộc sống của họ và do đó có xu hướng có kỹ năng xã hội hóa mạnh mẽ hơn.Nhiều nghiên cứu vì của Adler ñaõ ñöôïc tieán haønh về ảnh hưởng của thứ tự sinh và cá tính. Các nghiên cứu có xu hướng để phân loại ra đời thứ tự loại thành bốn loại khác nhau: first-born, sinh thứ hai và/hoặc trung, cuối cùng, và chỉ có con.Studies have consistently shown that first-born children tend to exhibit similar positive and negative personality traits. First-borns have consistently been linked with academic achievement in various studies; in one study, the number of National Merit scholarship winners who are first-borns as found to be equal to the number of second-and third-borns combined. First-borns have been found to be more responsible and assertive than those born in other birth-order positions and tend to rise to positions of leadership more often than others; more first-borns have served in the U.S. Congress and as U.S. presidents than have those born in other birth-order positions. However, studies have shown that first-borns tend to be more subject to stress and were considered problem children more often than later-borns.Second-born and/or middle children demonstrate markedly different tendencies from first-borns. They tend to feel inferior to the older child or children because it is difficult for them to comprehend that their lower level of achievement is a function of age rather than ability, and they often try to succeed in areas other than those in which their older sibling or siblings excel. They tend to be more trusting, accepting, and focused on others than the more self-centered first-borns, and they tend to have a comparatively higher level of success in team sports than do first-borns or only children, who more often excel in individual sports.The last-born child is the one who tends to be the eternal baby of the family and thus often exhibits a strong sense of security. Last-borns collectively achieve the highest degree of social success and demonstrate the highest levels of self-esteem of all the birth-order positions. They often exhibit less competitiveness than older brothers and sisters and are more likely to take part in less competitive group games or in social organization such as sororities and fraternities.Only children tend to exhibit some of the main characteristics of first-borns and some of the characteristics of last-borns. Only children tend to exhibit the strong sense of security and self-esteem exhibited by last-borns while, like first-borns, they are more achievement oriented and more likely than middle-or last-borns to achieve academic success. However, only children tend to have the most problems establishing close relationships and exhibit a lower need for affiliation than other children.Questions1. The word “body” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced bya. Corpseb. Amountc. Organizationd. Skeleton2. What is stated in paragraph 1 a bout Adler?a. He was one of the first to study the effect of birth order on personalityb. He believed that it was the actual birth order that affected personality.c. He had found that the responses by family members had little to do with personality.d. He was the only one to study birth order.3. The word “traits” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toa. Stressesb. Marksc. Characteristicsd. Fears4. The word “accepting” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toa. Tolerant b. Affectionatec. Admissibled. Respectable5. The phrase “more achievement oriented” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toa. More directly involvedb. More focused on accomplishmentsc. More skilled as leadersd. More aware of surroundings