In most aspects of medieval life, t

In most aspects of medieval life, the closed corporation prevailed. But compared to modern life, the medieval urban family was a very open unit: for it included, as part of the normal household, not only relatives by blood but a group of industrial workers as well as domestics whose relation was that of secondary members of family. This held for all classes, for young men from the upper classes got their knowledge of the world by serving as waiting men in a noble family: what they observed and overheard at mealtime was part of their education. Apprentices lived as members of the master craftsman's family. If marriage was perhaps deferred longer for men than today, the advantages of home life were not entirely lacking, even for the bachelor.
The workshop was a family; likewise the merchant's counting house. The members ate together at the same table, worked in the same rooms, slept in the same or common hall, converted at night into dormitories, joined in the family prayers, participated in the common amusements.
The intimate unity of domesticity and labour dictated the major arrangement within the medieval dwelling-house itself. Houses were usually built in continuous rows around the perimeter of their gardens. Freestanding houses, unduly exposed to the elements, wasteful of the land on each side, harder to heat, were relatively scarce: even farmhouses would be part of a solid block that included the stables, barns and granaries. The materials for the houses came out of the local soil, and they varied with the region. Houses in the continuous row forming the closed perimeter of a block, with guarded access on the ground floor, served as a domestic wall: a genuine protection against felonious entry in troubled times.
The earliest houses would have small window openings, with shutters to keep out the weather; then later, permanent windows of oiled cloth, paper and eventually glass. In the fifteenth century, glass, hitherto so costly it was used only for public buildings, became more frequent, at first only in the upper part of the window. A typical sixteenth-century window would have been divided into three panels: the upper-most panel, fixed, would be of diamond-paned glass; the next two panels would have shutters that opened inwards; thus the amount of exposure to sunlight and air could be controlled, yet on inclement days, both sets of shutters could be closed, without altogether shutting out our light. On any consideration of hygiene and ventilation this type of window was superior to the all-glass window that succeeded it, since glass excludes the bactericidal ultra-violet rays.

96. The urban family unit described in the passage
A. consisted of people related by blood.
B. was made up of workers, servants and family members.
C. excluded domestics and craftsmen.
D. was composed of members of the same social class.

97. How did young noblemen receive their education?
A. They were taught in their own homes.
B. They received training in practical skills.
C. They were sent to other households.
D. They were educated with other young men.

98. According to the writer, why were there few free-standing houses?
A. Building land was expensive.
B. Such houses were costly to construct.
C. Such houses suffered the effects of bad weather.
D. There was no room left for a garden.

99. Where could you have expected to find glass used in the fourteenth century?
A. In small windows in private houses.
B. In buildings designed for public use.
C. Forming one part of a window protection.
D. Behind protective shutters.

100. In the writer's opinion, all-glass windows were not an improvement because they were less
E. healthy.
F. attractive.
G. economical.
H. hard-wearing.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Trong hầu hết các khía cạnh của cuộc sống thời Trung cổ, các công ty đóng chiếm ưu thế. Nhưng so với cuộc sống hiện đại, các gia đình đô thị thời Trung cổ là một đơn vị rất mở: cho nó bao gồm, như là một phần của các hộ gia đình bình thường, không chỉ người thân bằng máu nhưng một nhóm công nhân công nghiệp cũng như domestics có liên quan là của hai thành viên của gia đình. Điều này tổ chức cho tất cả các lớp, cho người đàn ông trẻ từ tầng lớp thượng lưu có kiến thức về thế giới bằng cách phục vụ như là người đàn ông chờ đợi trong một gia đình quý tộc: những gì họ quan sát và nghe lỏm lúc giờ ăn cơm là một phần của giáo dục của họ. Người học nghề sống như các thành viên của gia đình nghệ nhân bậc thầy. Nếu cuộc hôn nhân có lẽ trả chậm còn cho người đàn ông hơn ngày nay, những lợi thế của cuộc sống gia đình đã không hoàn toàn thiếu, ngay cả đối với cử nhân. Hội thảo là một gia đình; tương tự như vậy, các thương gia của đếm house. Các thành viên ăn cùng nhau tại cùng một bảng, làm việc trong cùng một phòng, ngủ ở hall cùng hoặc phổ biến, được chuyển vào ban đêm thành ký túc xá, gia nhập vào gia đình cầu nguyện, tham gia vào amusements phổ biến. Sự thống nhất thân mật của domesticity và lao động khiển thoả thuận lớn trong thời Trung cổ ở-nhà chính nó. Nhà ở thường được sản xuất liên tục hàng quanh chu vi của khu vườn của mình. Rẽ ngôi nhà, không đúng luật tiếp xúc với các yếu tố, lãng phí đất mỗi bên, khó khăn hơn để nhiệt, đã tương đối khan hiếm: farmhouses thậm chí sẽ là một phần của một khối rắn bao gồm stables, barns và granaries. Các tài liệu cho các nhà ra đất địa phương, và họ rất đa dạng với các khu vực. Nhà hàng liên tục hình thành vành đai khép kín của một khối, bảo vệ truy cập trên tầng trệt, phục vụ như là một bức tường trong nước: khó khăn chính hãng bảo vệ chống lại các mục nhập felonious trong thời gian. The earliest houses would have small window openings, with shutters to keep out the weather; then later, permanent windows of oiled cloth, paper and eventually glass. In the fifteenth century, glass, hitherto so costly it was used only for public buildings, became more frequent, at first only in the upper part of the window. A typical sixteenth-century window would have been divided into three panels: the upper-most panel, fixed, would be of diamond-paned glass; the next two panels would have shutters that opened inwards; thus the amount of exposure to sunlight and air could be controlled, yet on inclement days, both sets of shutters could be closed, without altogether shutting out our light. On any consideration of hygiene and ventilation this type of window was superior to the all-glass window that succeeded it, since glass excludes the bactericidal ultra-violet rays. 96. The urban family unit described in the passage A. consisted of people related by blood. B. was made up of workers, servants and family members. C. excluded domestics and craftsmen. D. was composed of members of the same social class. 97. How did young noblemen receive their education? A. They were taught in their own homes. B. They received training in practical skills. C. They were sent to other households. D. They were educated with other young men. 98. According to the writer, why were there few free-standing houses? A. Building land was expensive. B. Such houses were costly to construct. C. Such houses suffered the effects of bad weather. D. There was no room left for a garden. 99. Where could you have expected to find glass used in the fourteenth century? A. In small windows in private houses. B. In buildings designed for public use. C. Forming one part of a window protection. D. Behind protective shutters. 100. In the writer's opinion, all-glass windows were not an improvement because they were less E. healthy. F. attractive. G. economical. H. hard-wearing.