The Post-it notesinvented by 3M are an example. Similarly, Dell developed procedures for direct sales ofmicrocomputers and, in the process, created projects with enormous NPV. Also, companiessuch as Southwest Airlines have managed to train and motivate their workers betterthan their competitors, and this has led to positive-NPV projects. In all of these cases, thecompanies developed some source of competitive advantage, and that advantage resultedin positive-NPV projects.
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