9. What are the four FX trading activities undertaken by FIs? How do FIs profit from these activities? The four areas of FX activity undertaken by FIs are either for their customer’s accounts or for their own proprietary trading accounts. They involve the purchase and sale of FX in order to (a) complete international commercial transactions, (b) invest abroad in direct or portfolio investments, (c) hedge outstanding currency exposures, and (d) speculate against movements in currencies. Most FIs earn commissions on transactions made on behalf of their customers. If the FIs are market makers in currencies, they make their profits on the bid-ask spread. 10. City Bank issued $200 million of one-year CDs in the United States at a rate of 6.50 percent. It invested part of this money, $100 million, in the purchase of a one-year bond issued by a U.S. firm at an annual rate of 7 percent. The remaining $100 million was invested in a one-year Brazilian government bond paying an annual interest rate of 8 percent. The exchange rate at the time of the transaction was Brazilian real 0.50/$1. a. What will be the net return on this $200 million investment in bonds if the exchange rate between the Brazilian real and the U.S. dollar remains the same?Brazilian bonds issued in reals = $100m/0.50 = Real 200mCost of funds = 0.065 x $200 million = $13,000,000Return on U.S. loan = 0.07 x $100 million = $ 7,000,000Return on Brazilian bond = (0.08 x Real 200m) x 0.50 = $ 8,000,000Total interest earned = $15,000,000Net return on investment = ($15 million - $13 million)/$200 million = 1.00 percent. b. What will be the net return on this $200 million investment if the exchange rate changes to real 0.4167/$1?Cost of funds = 0.065 x $200 million = $13,000,000Return on U.S. loan = 0.07 x $100 million = $ 7,000,000Return on Brazilian bond = (0.08 x Real 200m) x 0.4167 = $ 6,667,200Total interest earned = $13,667,200Net return on investment = $13,666,667 - $13,000,000/$200,000,000 = 0.33 percent.Consideration should be given to the fact that the Brazilian bond was for Real200 million. Thus, at maturity the bond will be paid back for Real200 million x 0.4167 = $83,340,000. Therefore, the strengthening dollar will have caused a loss in capital ($16,660,000) that far exceeds the interest earned on the Brazilian bond. Including this capital loss, the net return on investment is:Net return on investment = ($13,666,667 - $13,000,000 - $16,666,667))/$200,000,000 = -8%
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