Magnetic materials can be classified in terms of thearrangements of magnetic dipoles in the solid.These dipoles can be thought of, a little imprecisely,as microscopic bar magnets attached to the variousatoms present. Materials with no elementary magnetic dipoles at all are diamagnetic (Figure 12.3a,b).The imposition of a magnetic field generates weakmagnetic dipoles that are only present for as long asthe field persists. The induced dipole is opposed tothe magnetic flux density, B. The magnetic susceptibility of a diamagnetic substance is negative andvery slightly less than 1. There is no appreciablevariation of diamagnetism with temperature.Paramagnetic solids are those in which some ofthe atoms, ions or molecules making up the solidpossess a permanent magnetic dipole moment.These dipoles are isolated from one another. Thesolid, in effect, contains small, non-interactingatomic magnets. In the absence of a magnetic field,these are arranged at random and the solid shows nonet magnetic moment. In a magnetic field, the elementary dipoles will attempt to orient themselvesparallel to the magnetic flux density in the solid,and this will enhance the internal field within thesolid and give rise to the observed paramagneticeffect (Figure 12.3c,d). The alignment of dipoleswill not usually be complete, because of thermaleffects and interaction with the surrounding atomsin the structure, and the dipoles continually changeorientation because of this jostling. Thus the disposition of the dipoles at any instant, t1, will be different from that at any other instant, t2. The magnetic
effect is much greater than diamagnetism, and the
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