While many nineteenth–century refor

While many nineteenth–century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remark society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic thinkers.
Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problems could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825, he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced many American through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes”. One or more of these phalanxes was organized in very Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts. An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Trong khi nhiều thế kỷ XIX-nhà cải cách hy vọng sẽ mang lại cải cách thông qua giáo dục hoặc bằng cách loại bỏ các tệ nạn xã hội cụ thể, một số nhà tư tưởng muốn bắt đầu lại và nhận xét xã hội bằng cách thành lập cộng đồng lý tưởng, hợp tác xã. Hoa Kỳ có vẻ như họ một đất nước rộng rãi và không bị cản trở mà các mô hình của một xã hội hoàn hảo có thể thành công. Các nhà tư tưởng communitarian hy vọng thành công của họ sẽ dẫn đến giả, cho đến khi cộng đồng miễn phí của tội phạm, đói nghèo, và các tệ nạn xã hội khác sẽ bao gồm các vùng đất. Một số nhóm tôn giáo, đặc biệt là các lọ, thực hành chung sống, nhưng những động lực chính để tìm thấy mô hình cộng đồng đến từ nhà tư tưởng nonreligious, rationalistic. Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problems could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825, he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced many American through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes”. One or more of these phalanxes was organized in very Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts. An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society.