Beyond traditional microprudential regulation, the crisis has led to a new focus on“macroprudential” policy, which aims to address systemic risk, that is, “the risk ofdevelopments that threaten the stability of the financial system as a whole and consequentlythe broader economy” (Bernanke, 2009). The proposed tools range from adaptations ofstandard microprudential measures (such as capital surcharges that are countercyclical or systemic risk-based) to taxes and restrictions on intermediaries’ assets and liabilities (FSB, 2011a and 2011b; IMF, 2011a; Shin, 2011). Many countries have announced the adoption of macroprudential policies, and some have already implemented versions of such policies with early evidence as to their effectiveness (see Crowe et al., 2011; IMF, 2011b; Lim et al., 2011).
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