I now discuss the productiveness of the function matching, perimeter and area, and adding up pieces symbolic forms of the definite integral. Rather than begin by displaying the results of the entire body of data first, I begin instead by presenting example episodes of each symbolic form in the mathematics and physics contexts. I do this in order to compare and contrast the three conceptualizations as I build an argument for why each one may be considered productive or less productive for a given context. After an in-depth discussion of these specific examples, I then shift focus to look at all of the conceptualizations more broadly across all of the interview items, to identify trends in their context-specific productiveness. In particular, in Section 4.3, I summarize the results of the whole body of data in order to make more general conclusions regarding the productiveness of each conceptualization in the mathematics and physics contexts.I first discuss the three symbolic forms in the mathematics context and then subsequently move the discussion to the physics context. In brief, while all of the symbolic forms showed usefulness for decontextualized integrals, there was a significant difference in how productive certain understandings of the integral were when considering contextualized integrals. Here, I am using “contextualized” and “decontextualized” in their common meanings and am not referring to theories that use these words for specific purposes. For this paper, an integral is said to be decontextualized if it is devoid of any association to physical phenomena or any relation to a problem larger than the integral itself. For example, if the expression 10x3dx is simply given to a student, it is decontextualized, since it stands by itself. By contrast, a contextualized integralis one that is either connected to a larger problem or that has relations to real-world quantities. For example, the physics integral mass =RdV is considered contextualized since the symbols deal with the physical quantities mass, density, and volume, and thus the integral does not stand by itself. These quantities provide an additional layer of meaning to the integral and the placement of the quantities in the integral are governed by physics properties.
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