Kiểm toán viên identification với khách hàng của họ: các hiệu ứng về kiểm định chất lượngBài viết thông tinBài viết lịch sử:Đã nhận 1 tháng 11 năm 2013Nhận được trong hình thức sửa đổi 9 tháng 6 năm 2014Được chấp nhận ngày 1 tháng 8 năm 2014Có sẵn trực tuyến xxxTừ khoá:Kiểm toán viên khách quanKhách hàng identificationChuyên nghiệp identificationKiểm toán viên khách hàng acquiescenceKiểm toán giảm chất lượng hành viBig phòng không 4 kiểm toán viên Thụy ĐiểnTóm tắtMặc dù khách hàng quen là mong muốn từ quan điểm của kiểm toán viên, xác định vớikhách hàng đe dọa khách quan kiểm toán. Nghiên cứu này sẽ kiểm tra mức độ để mà không - Big 4kiểm toán viên xác định với khách hàng, tác động của auditoreclient identification kiểm toán viên khách hàngacquiescence để điều trị khách hàng ưa thích, và, finally, cho dù những tác động có hại củaauditoreclient identification có thể được gia hạn cho một tập hợp rộng hơn của kiểm toán giảm chất lượng hành vi.Phản ứng của 141 kiểm toán viên thực hành tại Phòng Không - Big 4 phong tại Thuỵ Điển hỗ trợ của chúng tôi theo-retical dự đoán. Chúng tôi nhiều mà kiểm toán viên có xu hướng để xác định với khách hàng của họ, và rằng mộtkiểm toán viên người identifies tương đối nhiều hơn nữa với một khách hàng có nhiều khả năng để acquiesce để khách hàng -ưa thích điều trị và cam kết giảm kiểm tra chất lượng hành vi. Trong khi nghiên cứu trước đâyđã được coi là chỉ Big 4 phong, findings hiện tại cho thấy rằng những vấn đề vớikiểm toán viên identification với khách hàng cũng giữ cho phòng không - Big 4 kiểm toán viên.1. giới thiệuInvestors perceive a lower quality of accounting information when the audited company's management exerts influence on auditors (Dhaliwal, Gleason, Heitzman, & Melendrez, 2008; Lambert, Leuz, & Verrecchia, 2007). At the same time, value- added audit services e i.e., clienteservice activities resulting from an audit that are not directly related to verifying the financial statements, such as providing information and advice beyond core audit services e are found to be most abundant when the auditor has a strong relationship with the client (Herda & Lavelle, 2013). In addition, clients prefer a relational approach from their auditors (Fontaine & Pilote, 2011, 2012), but client desire to have a committed and relationally oriented auditor appears difficult to reconcile with the need for auditor objectivity (€ Ohman, H€ ackner, & S€ orbom, 2012). The present study addresses this problematic issue by examining the impact of auditoreclient identification on auditor objectivity and audit quality by applying social identity theory to the auditor -client relationship. Bamber and Iyer (2002, 2007) suggested that auditors identify with their clients and that this identification reduces auditor objectivity in such a way that an identifying auditor tends to acquiescence to the client's preferred accounting po-sition. We extend this research by examining a broader set of behaviours. In particular, we examine whether the effects of auditor-client identification extend to reduced audit quality (RAQ) acts. The RAQ acts considered here constitute unethical time-saving acts having no immediate relationship to client preferences, and previous research has found that RAQ acts are caused primarily by time budget pressure (TBP) (e.g., Coram, Ng, &Woodliff, 2003; Otley & Pierce, 1996a; Pierce & Sweeney, 2004;Willett & Page,1996). However, Cianci and Bierstaker (2009) argued that the underlyingmechanismof the relationship between TBP and RAQ acts is cognitive bias caused by TBP. Affected by this bias, auditors believe that they can take such time- saving shortcuts as superficially reviewing client documents or false signoff without increasing audit risk. Auditors who identify with their clients are likely to suffer from a similar biasing of their judgment. Consequently, auditoreclient identi-fication is a likely cause of RAQ acts.We also examine a model of auditoreclient identification developed by Bamber and Iyer (2007) and essentially based on social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1985; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, &Wetherell, 1987).We extend the study of Bamber and Iyer (2007) by testing whether auditors who do not work for Big 4 firms (i.e., non-Big 4 auditors) identify with their clients. We also provide further evidence of the extent to which professional identity may counteract any negative effects of auditor- client identification on audit quality, and consider whether auditor rotation is a useful way to reduce the negative impact of client identification.The present research on auditoreclient identification is important for at least two reasons. First, while previous studies examine the effects of such identification on auditor objectivity (Bamber & Iyer, 2002, 2007; Stefaniak, Houston, & Cornell, 2012), there is no evidence that auditors' client identification is a problemfor non-Big 4 auditors. Previous research appears to assume that auditors' identification with their clients is a problem that exists only when audit clients are large, making research on non-Big 4 auditors less relevant.
We examine themerits of such an assumption since there are reasons to suspect that non-Big 4 auditors also identify with their clients. The organizational cultures of non-Big 4 firms are suggested to be relatively less competitive (Anderson-Gough, Grey, & Robson, 2001; Otley & Pierce,1996b), providing the potential for stronger relationshipswith clients than in Big 4 firms
with their higher employee turnover rates (Herbohn, 2004). If the employee turnover is lower in non-Big 4 firms, auditors have more opportunities to develop close client relationships and this may impair auditor objectivity. Second, studies of the effect of client identification on RAQ acts connect the research on auditor objectivity with previous studies of TBP and audit quality, developing a more comprehensive view of the causes of quality problems in auditing. Since research indicates that non-Big 4 firms conduct lower-quality audits than do Big 4 firms (e.g., Francis, 2004; Sundgren, 2009), there are reasons to believe that the threat to objectivity from RAQ acts may be serious in non-Big 4 firms.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: In the next section we review the literature and present the hy- potheses.We then outline the researchmethod and sample selection. This is followed by the findings, and the discussion and conclusions end the paper.
2. Literature review and hypothesis development
2.1. Auditoreclient identification and auditors' client acquiescence
Previous research has focused mostly on financial incentives (e.g., Dhaliwal et al., 2008; Hackenbrack & Nelson, 1996; Haynes, Jenkins, & Nutt, 1998; Hollingsworth & Li, 2012; Kadous, Kennedy, & Peecher, 2003; Mayhew, Schatzberg, & Sevcik, 2001; Salterio, 1996), paying little attention to the bonds caused by social forces such as cognitive-based per- sonal relationships with clients. Social identity theory offers a theoretical framework for examining non-financial dependence, claiming that individuals' social identity is the result of a self-categorization process. Individuals group themselves with others and internalize traits that they perceive as typical of the group (van Knippenberg, van Knippenberg, De Cremer, & Hogg, 2004). When people develop a social identity, they classify themselves according to occupation, organization, family, nationality, or age, and it is possible to have many such identities simultaneously (Markus & Wurf, 1987). Accounting firm alumni (Iyer, Bamber, & Barefield, 1997) and auditors (Bamber & Iyer, 2002, 2007) are examples of social identities.
Social identities govern how people think and act, increasing the likelihood of a person internalizing a group's norms and values (Lembke &Wilson, 1998). Defining the self in collective terms leads to experience of collective interest as self-interest (Ashforth & Mael, 1989; De Cremer & Van Vugt, 1999; Dutton, Dukerich, & Harquail, 1994; Hogg & Terry, 2000; van
Knippenberg, 2000). Therefore, an auditor identifying with a client is inclined to act in the interest of that client. Confirm-ing these findings, Bamber and Iyer (2007) found that auditors identifying with their clients tend to acquiesce to the client's preferred treatment, and Stefaniak et al. (2012) found further evidence of this effect. This suggests that these auditors attain a client-inspired perception of the client's internal control and accounting (Mael & Ashforth, 1992; Wan-Huggins, Riordan, & Griffeth, 1998). These studies examined auditors in Big 4 firms who typically have large clients with whom auditors may be likely to identify.
The important differences between Big 4 and non-Big 4 firms provide the motivation for the present study. Big 4 firms need to protect their reputation (Sundgren, 2009) and are therefore suggested to be less likely to compromise their inde-pendence than are their smaller competitors. Moreover, audit firm size is used as a proxy for audit quality (e.g., DeAngelo, 1981), and larger audit firms have better training programs, develop standardized audit methods and have better audit programs (Blokdijk, Drieenhuizen, Simunic, & Stein, 2006). Larger audit firms usually deal with larger clients froma variety of industries, which enhances their auditors' skills (O'Keefe &Westort, 1992). All in all, these arguments suggest that Big 4 firms conduct higher-quality audits than do non-Big 4 firms, and empirical evidence supports this contention (Becker, DeFond, Jiambalvo, & Subramanyam, 1998; Chen, Lin, & Zhou, 2005; Zhou & Elder, 2008).
The difference in market position between Big 4 and non-Big 4 firms is manifested by the discussion of inappropriate market dominance that has occurred in Europe and elsewhere. The House of Lords in Great Britain issued a call for evidence regarding the consequences of the Big 4 market concentration (House of Lords, 2010). Their concern was the extent to which adverse effects on audit quality could result from lack of competition. The European Commission has expressed similarconcerns (European Commission, 2010). However, there is no empirical support for such a
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