Interaction between TCP ends and the network can be describedwith the unified network framework shown in Fig. 1 , which consists of three components: TCP sources, network and TCP receivers.Network is a container of data and ACK packets with limited resources, which drop packets according to the load with related stochastic probability. All the TCP sources compose the load ‘injection’to the network with rate kd, as shown in Fig. 1 . All the TCP receiversfeedback ACKs to senders through the network with rate ka. TCP achieved, when w equals to the optimal value W . Since the window size in multihop ad hoc networks is usually small, the probability of duplicate ACKs is low. Hence, it can be neglected and wedo not consider it here. Let p ði Þ denote the stationary probabilityand Tw ði Þ denote the average throughput in state i with windowwði Þ. Then, the average throughput T can be calculated as in (3).
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