To commemorate the 50th year of modern computing and the Computer Society, the timeline on the following pages traces the evolution of computing and computer technology. Timeline research by Bob Carlson, Angela Burgess, and Christine Miller. Timeline design and production by Larry Bauer. We thank our reviewers: Ted Biggerstaff, George Cybenko, Martin Campbell-Kelly, Alan Davis, Dan O’Leary, Edward Parrish, and Michael Williams. Timeline of Computing History 4000-1200 B.C. Inhabitants of the first known civilization in Sumer keep records of commercial transactions on clay tablets. The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania 3000 B.C. The abacus is invented in Babylonia. 250-230 B.C. The Sieve of Eratosthenes is used to determine prime numbers. About 79 A.D. The “Antikythera Device,” when set correctly according to latitude and day of the week, gives alternating 29- and 30-day lunar months. IBM Archives About 1300 The more familiar wire- and-bead abacus replaces the Chinese calculating rods. 4000 B.C. — 1300 1612-1614 John Napier uses the printed decimal point, devises logarithms, and uses numbered sticks, or Napiers Bones, for calculating. The Computer Museum 1622 William Oughtred invents the circular slide rule on the basis of Napier’s logarithms. 1623 William (Wilhelm) Schickard designs a “calculating clock” with a gear-driven carry mechanism to aid in multiplication of multi- digit numbers. Computer Museum 1666 trong Anh, Samuel Morland tạo ra một máy tính cơ khí mà có thể thêm và trừ. 1642-1643 Blaise Pascal tạo ra một bánh lái xe thêm máy được gọi là "Pascalene," thêm máy cơ khí đầu tiên. năm 1600 IBM Archives 1674 Gottfried Leibniz xây dựng các "bước Reckoner," một máy tính bằng cách sử dụng một bánh hình trụ bước. 1801 một chuỗi liên kết vào thẻ điều khiển dệt mẫu trong Joseph-Marie waffle dệt. 1774 Philipp-Matthaus Hahn xây dựng và bán một số lượng nhỏ của calculating máy chính xác để 12 chữ số. 1777 các Bá tước Stanhope thứ ba phát minh ra một máy tính nhân. 1786 J.H. Mueller mường tượng ra một Lưu trữ "sự khác biệt động cơ" nhưng không thể nhận được tiền để xây dựng nó. IBM 1674-1801 1820 the Thomas Arithmometer, dựa trên Leibniz' bước-trống nguyên tắc, được thể hiện với Viện Hàn lâm khoa học Pháp. Nó sẽ trở thành các máy tính đầu tiên sản xuất hàng loạt và bán trong nhiều năm. 1811 Luddites phá hủy máy móc thiết bị đe dọa để loại bỏ công ăn việc làm. IBM Archives 1822 Charles Babbage bắt đầu thiết kế và xây dựng các công cụ khác biệt. 1811-1822 1832 Babbage và Joseph Clement sản xuất một phần của các công cụ khác biệt. 1829 William Austin Burt bằng sáng chế một nhưng khó khăn máy đánh chữ hoàn toàn khả thi, máy văn bản đầu tiên ở Mỹ. IBM Archives 1834-35 Babbage thay đổi tập trung của mình để thiết kế các công cụ phân tích. IBM Archives 1838 vào tháng Giêng Samuel Morse và Alfred Vail chứng minh các yếu tố của hệ thống điện báo. 1829 — 1838 The Computer Museum 1842-43 Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace, translates Luigi Menabrea’s pamphlet on the Analytical Engine, adding her own commentary. 1844 Samuel Morse sends a telegraph message from Washington to Baltimore. 1847-49 Babbage completes 21 drawings for the second version of the Difference Engine but does not complete construction. 22161 1854 George 89- Boole No. publishes “An Photo Investigation Institution Thought,” of the Laws of Smithsonian describing a system for symbolic and the basis for computer design. logical reasoning that will become 1842 — 1854 Smithsonian Institution Photo No. 1858 A telegraph cable spans the Atlantic Fame Ocean for Hall of the first time and Inventors provides service for National a few days. 1861 A transcontinental telegraph line connects the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. 1876 Alexander 1876-1878 Baron Graham Bell Kelvin builds a invents and harmonic analyzer patents the and tide predictor. telephone. 1882 William S. Burroughs leaves his bank clerk’s job determined to invent an adding machine. Smithsonian Institution UniversityofMinnesota, Minneapolis Charles Babbage Institute, 1858 — 1882 The Computer Museum 1893 The first four-function calculator is invented. 1895 Guglielmo Marconi transmits a radio signal. 1889 Herman Hollerith’s Electric Tabulating Sys- tem outperforms the competition and in the fall is selected for use in the 1890 census. 1901 The keypunch appears and changes very little over the next half century. IBM Archives 1896 Hollerith establishes the Tabulating Machine Company. 1889 — 1901 1904 JohnA. Fleming patents thediode vacuum tube, setting the stage for better radio communication. Smithsonian Institution Photo No. 351 1906 Lee de Forest adds a third valve to 1911 Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines Co. and control current flow to Fleming’s diode to two other companies combine to form C-T-R— create the three-electrode vacuum tube. Calculating, 1907 Gramophone music Tabulating, and Recording Co. constitutes the first regular radio broadcasts from New York. 1908 British scientist 1911 Dutch Campbell Swinton physicist describes an electronic Kamerlingh scanning method and Onnes at Leiden foreshadows use of the University cathode-ray tube for discovers television. superconductivity. IBM Archives 1904 — 1911 1912 The Institute of Radio Engineers, which will eventually merge with other organizations to form the IEEE,is established. 1915 Use of microchips is foreshadowed as physicist Manson Benedicks discovers that the germanium crystal can be used to convert alternating current to direct current.1919 Eccles and Jordan, US physicists, invent the flip-flop electronic switching circuit critical to high-speed electronic counting systems.
1920-1921 The word “robot” (derived from the Czech word for compulsory labor) is first used by Karel Câpek in his play RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots).
IBM Archives
1924 T.J. Watson renames CTR
to IBM and popularizes the “Think” slogan he coined at National Cash Register.
IBM Archives
1912 — 1924
1927 Herbert Hoover’s face is seen on screen during the first demonstration of television in the US. Accompanying voice transmission uses telephone wires.
Electrical Engineering
1930 The Differential Analyzer, devised by Vannevar Bush and colleagues at MIT, solves various differential equations.
1934 In Germany, Konrad Zuse seeks to build a better calculating machine than those currently available.
1928 The quartz crystal clock makes possible unprecedented time-keeping accuracy.
1929 Color television signals are successfully transmitted.
Center for the History of
1931 Reynold B. Johnson, a high school teacher in Michigan, devises a way to score multiple-choice tests by sensing conductive pencil marks on answer sheets. IBM later buys the technology.
1927 — 1934
IBM Archives
1935 IBM introduces not only the 601 multiplying punch-card machine but also an electric typewriter.
1936 Konrad Zuse realizes that programs composed of bit combinations can be stored, and he files a patent application in Germany for the automatic execution of calculations, including a “combination memory.”
IBM Archives
1937 Howard Aiken submits to IBM a proposal for a digital calculating machine capable of
performing the four fundamental operations of arithmetic and operating in a predetermined sequence.
1937 Claude Shannon publishes the principles for an electric adder to the base two.
1937 George Stibitz develops a binary circuit based on Boolean algebra.
1935 — 1937
Iowa State University
1937 Alan Turing’s paper “On Computable Numbers” presents the concept of the Turing machine.
1937 John Vincent Atanasoff spends the winter devising the principles for an electronic-digital computer.
HP Company Archives
1938 William Hewlett and David Packard form Hewlett-Packard in a garage in Palo Alto, California.
1939 Working from October through November, John Vincent Atanasoff, with help from graduate student Clifford E. Berry, builds
a prototype electronic-digital computer that uses binary arithmetic.
1938 Zuse
completes the Z1 University
binary computer
electromechanical
and refines the State
design with the Iowa
Z2.
1937— 1939
1940 Konrad Zuse completes the Z2, which uses telephone relays instead of mechanical logical circuits.
1941 Zuse completes the Z3, the first fully functional program-controlled electromechanical digital computer.
1944 The Harvard Mark I (a.k.a. IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator [ASCC]), produced by Howard Aiken, is dedicated at Harvard University on August 7, 1944.
1943 On May 31, 1943, con-struction begins on the ENIAC at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering in Philadelphia.
1943 In December,
Colossus, a British vacuum tube computer, becomes operational
at Bletchley Park through the combined efforts of Alan Turing, Tommy Flowers, and M.H.A. Newman. It is considered the first all-electronic calculating device.
IBMArchives
Bletchley Park Museum
1940 — 1944
IEEE Annals of History of Computing
1945 J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly sign a contract to build the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Var
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