In the first one the gasoline engine, battery and electromotor are in series. The gasoline engine produces electricity, which is stored in a set of batteries, which drive an electromotor. The engine can run at constant speed with lowemissions, while all accelerations are produced by the electromotor.
In the second possible driveline, engine and battery/electromotor work in parallel to provide torque to the wheels. The mechanical output of the engine is used to power the vehicle and to charge the batteries.
In both configurations microprocessors control the operation of the vehicle to reduce the
emissions and to optimize the fuel efficiency. On braking, the kinetic energy is not wasted
as heat, but fed back into a storage system, a flywheel, electric capacity or battery. The fuel
efficiency of a typical hybrid car is satisfactory (Exercise 4.29).
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