II. thảo luận Tại Campuchia, tòa án ghi chú rằng "thẩm quyền giải quyết các trường hợp trên khen đòi hỏi cả thẩm quyền trên các loại yêu cầu bồi thường trong phù hợp với (vấn đề thẩm quyền) và quyền hạn trong các bên (thẩm quyền cá nhân), do đó, rằng quyết định của tòa án sẽ ràng buộc họ." Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon dầu công, 526 U.S. 574, 577, 143 L. Ed. 2d 760, 119 S. Ct. 1563 (1999). "Thẩm quyền là quyền tuyên bố luật pháp, và khi nó không còn tồn tại, các chức năng duy nhất còn lại để tòa án là của thông báo thực tế và sa thải các nguyên nhân." Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506, 514, 19 L. Ed. 264 (1868). Do đó, tòa án sẽ giải quyết các câu hỏi của thẩm quyền của nó theo kiểu ở trên nguyên nhân trước khi tiếp tục đi đến các vấn đề khác đặt ra bởi các bên. A. vấn đề thẩm quyền 1. câu hỏi liên bang thẩm quyền The Plaintiffs allege that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the above-styled cause pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 in that the above-styled cause arises under a treaty of the United States. (Compl. P 1.) Specifically, the Plaintiffs allege that the above-styled cause arises under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods because all the parties to the contract have their places of business in Contracting States. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, opened for signature April 11, 1980, S. Treaty Doc. No. 9, 98th Cong., 1st Sess. 22 (1983), 19 I.L.M. 671, reprinted at, 15 U.S.C. app. 52 (1997) (hereinafter the "CISG"); see Compl. P 3. [1] A "Contracting State" is a country that has become a party to the CISG. The United States, Spain, Argentina, and Canada are all Contracting States. The United Kingdom, however, is not a Contracting State. The Defendant contends that the CISG does not apply and that there is no federal question present in the above-styled cause because the contract was entered into by Psion PLC and Psion Enterprise Computing, Ltd., both of which have their places of business in the United Kingdom, a non-Contracting State. The Defendant further contends that subsequent changes of parties to the contract cannot render the CISG applicable. The Court notes that "in construing a treaty, as in construing a statute, [courts] first look to its terms to determine its meaning." United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655, 663, 119 L. Ed. 2d 441, 112 S. Ct. 2188 (1992). [HN3] Article 100 of the CISG states that "This Convention applies to the formation of a contract only when the proposal for concluding the contract is made on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1." CISG, art. 100(1).As noted above, the "proposal for concluding" the contract was made on June 21, 2000 in London, England between Impuls-Spain, a Spanish corporation, Psiar, an Argentine corporation, and both Psion PLC and Psion Enterprise Computing, Ltd., each of which are corporations of the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom was not a signatory to the CISG at the time "when the proposal for concluding the contract" was formulated. Therefore, the language of Article 100 supports the Defendant's contention that the contract in question here is not governed by the CISG. The Court finds further support for the contention that the CISG does not apply from Article 1(2) of the CISG. Article 1(2) states that "the fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract." CISG, art. 1(2). Therefore, to the extent that the Defendant, a Canadian corporation located in a Contracting State, is now a party to the contract is a fact that "is to be disregarded" because it was not known to the parties "at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract." In other words, what the parties knew when they concluded the contract of June 21, 2000 was that the United Kingdom was not a signatory to the CISG and that the CISG would not apply. See John O. Honnold, Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention § 41 at 76 (2d ed. 1991) (hereinafter Honnold, Uniform Law).
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