performed (see Table 1). As no comparative data are available, it is currently impossible to define a clear protocol. However, data are available on the optimal timing of the use of amoxicillin and metronidazole in relation to nonsurgical therapy. It has been suggested that patients with aggressive periodontitis should initially be treated with scaling and root planing alone and then be clinically monitored, and only in refractory cases should systemic antimicrobial therapy be used as an adjunct to re-instrumentation (91). Thus, antimicrobials are more likely to be used at the retreatment visit rather than as part of the initial therapy (31). Although this is a reasonable approach, it can only hold if patients who receive antibiotics at the retreatment show at least the same benefits compared with those whoreceive the same regimen at the initial therapy. Recently, in a retrospective study (43) as well as in a prospective study (31), it has been shown that there is a clear clinical benefit of using antibiotics at the initial therapy compared with using them at retreatment.Despite the fact that the combination of metronidazole and amoxicillin has shown additional clinical benefits beyond those of scaling and root planingalone in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis, it is still not clear whether this combination is more effective than other antibiotics because few Aggressive periodontitis treatment comparative studies have been performed. Sigusch et al. (88) compared the effects of metronidazole,clindamycin and doxycycline with a control group treated without antibiotics. It should be noted that the antibiotics were used at retreatment as an initial scaling and root planing procedure had been performed 3 weeks before re-instrumentation and antibiotic administration. The authors reported that the use of metronidazole or clindamycin was more effective in reducing probing pocket depth and gaining attachment compared with the control or the use of doxycycline, indicating the superiority of these two antibiotics. Similarly, also using a retreatment approach, 6 weeks after initial therapy, Xajigeorgiou et al. (106) assessed the effect of adjunctive use of metronidazole plus amoxicillin, metronidazole alone or doxycycline alone, compared with a control group
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