Clearly, all variances are collected on the main diagonal, while all covariances are collected off the main diagonal. Moreover, because [ ]=[ ] from simple properties of expectations, then [R] is by construction a symmetric matrix. For instance, any portfolio choicemethodology is clearly based on knowledge or estimation of [R] as it is well known that optimal portfolio shares will also depend on the covariance of asset returns considered in pairs. Becauserisk management concerns either portfolios of securities or portfolios of investment projects, thenrisk management is also intrinsically a multivariate application. Although in many courses, pricingproblems are mostly presented with reference to univariate applications only (i.e., we price one assetat the time, for instance a derivative written on an individual security), in reality this representsmore the exception than the rule, as we are often called to price assets that concern several cashflows or underlying securities (think about compound or basket options). Also in this respect, oneneeds to develop useful multivariate time series methods to model and forecast quantities of interestand, among them, surely dynamic covariances and correlations.
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