phổ biến pháp luật quy định pháp lý và các tổ chức. Trong vòng 15 năm, các công cụ kinh tế vi mô đã được áp dụng cho hầu như mọi lĩnh vực của pháp luật (Posner 1973). Vào cuối thế kỷ 20, các học bổng nghiêm trọng trong hầu hết mọi khu vực của pháp luật phải quyết các vấn đề và lý luận lớn lên bằng cách phân tích kinh tế của pháp luật.During the 1970s, Richard Posner (1973, 1979, 1980) claimed first that common law rules were in fact efficient (the positive claim) and second that common law rules ought to be efficient (the normative claim). Around 1980, the proliferation of economic analyses spawned great controversy in the legal academy. The controversy centered on the second of Posner's claims: that common law rules ought to be efficient. The controversy has had two primary components. The first, at least in part internal to the community of economic analysts of law, concerns the appropriate understanding of the term “efficient.” On one interpretation, “efficient” simply means “Pareto efficient”; that is, a legal rule is Pareto efficient if and only if there is no other rule that would induce behavior such that no person was worse off and at least one person in society was better off. On a second interpretation, “efficient” means “wealth-maximizing” where “wealth” is the sum of the compensating or equivalent variations of the individuals in society. This second interpretation essentially adopts cost-benefit analysis as an implementation of the Kaldor-Hicks welfare criterion. (On Kaldor-Hicks see Coleman 1980 or Kornhauser 1998b.) On the third interpretation, offered most recently by Kaplow and Shavell (2002), “efficient” means only that the evaluation of legal rules should be welfarist; evaluation should depend only on the well-being of the individuals in society. This third interpretation is the most general as both Pareto efficiency and the maximization of the compensating or equivalent variations are welfarist criteria. (For more extensive discussion of these claims, see Kornhauser 1998b, 2003b.)
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