2. Materials and methods2.1. System configurationA schematic of the marine RAS used in this study and some of its characteristics are shown inFig. 1andTable 1. The system consists of two 12 m3 fish tanks connected to an integrated modularfiltration (IMF) module (Water Management Technologies, Baton Rouge, LA, USA) as the primary water treatment component. The IMF module integrates the life support components including a CO2 stripper, protein skimmer, nitrifying moving bed bioreactor (MBB) and low head oxygen generator (LHO) for oxygen delivery (Fig. 1C–F, respectively). The nitrifying MBB wasfilled with 4 m 3 of polyethylene beads, 1cmin diameter and surface to volume ratio of 500 m 2 /m3 .Ozone produced by an ozone generator (Pacific Ozone Technology, CA, USA) was injected directly into the protein skimmer at a rate of 10– 20 l/min to disinfect the water and improve water quality parameters, including water turbidity. Waterflow through the IMF module was set at a rate of 45 m 3 /h, allowing approximately 2 cycles of tank water through the IMF module every hour.
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