The judicial system of the PRC is e

The judicial system of the PRC is established in Articles 123-135, and consists of the people’s courts, the Supreme People’s Court, the people’s procuratorates, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, military procuratorates and other special people’s procuratorates. Article 129 refers to the people’s procuratorates as “state organs for legal supervision.” In 1983 the NPC amended the Organic Law of the People’s Procuratorates, which included an enumeration of the powers and functions of the procuratorates. The functions seem to set up an organization which initially performs similar to a prosecutor in the United States, in that it oversees investigations by the public security organs and decides which cases will be prosecuted. However, the oversight of the procuratorates extends beyond investigation and trial, into supervision of the legal activities of the people’s courts, the execution of judgments, and the activities of prisons.
There is a hierarchy within the court structure from the top down: The Supreme People’s Courts, the Higher People’s Courts, the Intermediate People’s Courts, and the Basic People’s Courts. The Basic People’s Courts are comprised of more than 3,000 courts at county level, which are further subdivided into about 20,000 smaller units referred to as people’s tribunals located in towns and villages. There are 376 Intermediate People’s Courts and 31 Higher People’s Courts located in the provinces. See ALBERT HY CHEN, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 107-108 (1998). Additionally, there are a number of specialized courts, for example those dealing with railway transportation, forest affairs, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and maritime issues. Jurisdiction is allocated partially through the Constitution, the 1979 Organic Law of the People’s Courts, the Law of Criminal Procedure, the Law of Civil Procedure, and the Law of Administrative Procedure.
Litigants are generally limited to one appeal, on the theory of finality of judgment by two trials. Cases of second instances are often reviewed de novo as to both law and facts. Requests for appellate review take the form of appeals and protests (in criminal cases). Appeals are lodged by parties to the case, defendants and private prosecutors. Protests are filed by the procuratorate in criminal cases when it is believed that an error has occurred in the law or facts as determined by the judgment or order of the court of first instance. In civil cases the procuratorate does not possess a right to file a direct protest, but it can initiate adjudication supervision via a protest. Adjudication supervision refers to a type of discretionary post-“final” decision review, which may occur in certain situations in criminal cases.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Hệ thống tư pháp của Trung Quốc được thành lập trong bài viết 123-135, và bao gồm Toà án nhân dân, tòa án nhân dân tối cao, những người procuratorates, viện nhân dân tối cao, quân sự procuratorates và người khác đặc biệt procuratorates. Bài viết 129 đề cập đến những người procuratorates như "cơ quan nhà nước cho giám sát quy phạm pháp luật." Năm 1983 NPC sửa đổi luật pháp hữu cơ của những người Procuratorates, bao gồm một điều tra của các cường quốc và chức năng của các procuratorates. Các chức năng dường như thiết lập một tổ chức mà ban đầu thực hiện tương tự như một công tố viên tại Hoa Kỳ, trong đó nó giám sát điều tra bởi các cơ quan công an và quyết định trường hợp đó sẽ bị truy tố. Tuy nhiên, sự giám sát của các procuratorates mở rộng vượt ra ngoài điều tra và xét xử, vào Giám sát các hoạt động pháp lý của Toà án nhân dân, thực hiện bản án, và các hoạt động của nhà tù. There is a hierarchy within the court structure from the top down: The Supreme People’s Courts, the Higher People’s Courts, the Intermediate People’s Courts, and the Basic People’s Courts. The Basic People’s Courts are comprised of more than 3,000 courts at county level, which are further subdivided into about 20,000 smaller units referred to as people’s tribunals located in towns and villages. There are 376 Intermediate People’s Courts and 31 Higher People’s Courts located in the provinces. See ALBERT HY CHEN, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 107-108 (1998). Additionally, there are a number of specialized courts, for example those dealing with railway transportation, forest affairs, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and maritime issues. Jurisdiction is allocated partially through the Constitution, the 1979 Organic Law of the People’s Courts, the Law of Criminal Procedure, the Law of Civil Procedure, and the Law of Administrative Procedure.Litigants are generally limited to one appeal, on the theory of finality of judgment by two trials. Cases of second instances are often reviewed de novo as to both law and facts. Requests for appellate review take the form of appeals and protests (in criminal cases). Appeals are lodged by parties to the case, defendants and private prosecutors. Protests are filed by the procuratorate in criminal cases when it is believed that an error has occurred in the law or facts as determined by the judgment or order of the court of first instance. In civil cases the procuratorate does not possess a right to file a direct protest, but it can initiate adjudication supervision via a protest. Adjudication supervision refers to a type of discretionary post-“final” decision review, which may occur in certain situations in criminal cases.