The probability matrix for this design problem is set to have a size of 2x4 which means that the bound constraints are divided into four subintervals being[5, 2.5),[2.5,0).[0,2.5),and[2.5,5].A sample of aprobability matrix, Pij,is given in Table1 where its rows correspond to the elements of design variables,and the columns are associated with these subintervals.The element Pij determines the probability of having xi in the subinterval j.To generatea real-code population, given that the population size( the number of design solutions in apopulation)is NP =8,the number of elements xi randomly generated in the subinterval j is approximately round(NP.Pij)where round(.)is around-off operator . In this case,the number of x1 in the first subinterval is 1, and soon. Table2 shows real-code design variables created on the subintervals based on Pij in Table1. For better population diversity,the positions of the variables are randomly permutated as shown in the second part of the table.The tập hợp matrix, R,containing real-code design solutions can cuối cùng be expressed as:
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