Vesselgroupingisaformofnon-randomdi

Vesselgroupingisaformofnon-randomdistributionthatbecomesfunctionallyvaluablewhenthe
backgroundconsistsofnon-conductiveimperforatetrachearyelements(fiber-tracheidsandlibriform
fibers);ungroupedvessels,randomlyplaced,oftenoccurinanall-tracheidbackground.Typesofvessel
groupingaredescribedandillustrated:diagonal,tangential,radial,medianradialbands,andgrowthrings.
Othernon-randomdistributionsconsideredincludedegreesandkindsofcableconstruction,patchyvessel
distributions,vesseldisplacementrelatedtosucculence,andpatterns involvingsuccessivecambia.Non-
randomvesseldistributionsinevitablyinvolvenon-randomplacementof imperforatetrachearyelements,
sothataparallelsetofmechanicaladaptationsisoftensimultaneouslyachieved.Correlationsbetween
varioustypesofnon-randomvesselpatternsandpossiblephysiologicalfactorsarehypothesized.Most
correlationsinvolveenhancedconductivesafety,butvesseldistributionrelatedtowaterandphotosynthate
storage,resistancetotorsion,andincreasedlongevityofxylemarecited.Non-randomnessofvesselsisa
sourceofdiversityinwoodstructurethatcanbeachievedreadily(asgrowthringsshow)and
polyphyletically.Thesemodificationsoffernumerouswaysinwhichwood histologycanberepatternedfor
probableadaptationsinconductivephysiology,mechanicalstrength,andstoragecapability,perhapsby
meansofregulatorygenes.Groupingofvesselsintovascularbundlesinprimaryxylemofstemsandleaves
indicotsisaformofnon-randomness,andthesignificanceofvascularbundles(asopposedtosteles)as
adaptiveformsoforganizationisconsideredbriefly.Monocotsdifferfromdicotsinrarelyhavingdivision
oflaborintrachearyelementswithinanorgan,butmonocotsexhibittradeoffsinwhichconductive
efficiency(vesselpresenceinanorgan)andconductivesafety(tracheidsbutnovesselsinanorgan)canbe
achievedwithinasingleplant.

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Vesselgroupingisaformofnon-randomdistributionthatbecomesfunctionallyvaluablewhenthebackgroundconsistsofnon-conductiveimperforatetrachearyelements(fiber-tracheidsandlibriformfibers);ungroupedvessels,randomlyplaced,oftenoccurinanall-tracheidbackground.Typesofvesselgroupingaredescribedandillustrated:diagonal,tangential,radial,medianradialbands,andgrowthrings.Othernon-randomdistributionsconsideredincludedegreesandkindsofcableconstruction,patchyvesseldistributions,vesseldisplacementrelatedtosucculence,andpatterns involvingsuccessivecambia.Non-randomvesseldistributionsinevitablyinvolvenon-randomplacementof imperforatetrachearyelements,sothataparallelsetofmechanicaladaptationsisoftensimultaneouslyachieved.Correlationsbetweenvarioustypesofnon-randomvesselpatternsandpossiblephysiologicalfactorsarehypothesized.Mostcorrelationsinvolveenhancedconductivesafety,butvesseldistributionrelatedtowaterandphotosynthatestorage,resistancetotorsion,andincreasedlongevityofxylemarecited.Non-randomnessofvesselsisasourceofdiversityinwoodstructurethatcanbeachievedreadily(asgrowthringsshow)andpolyphyletically.Thesemodificationsoffernumerouswaysinwhichwood histologycanberepatternedforprobableadaptationsinconductivephysiology,mechanicalstrength,andstoragecapability,perhapsbymeansofregulatorygenes.Groupingofvesselsintovascularbundlesinprimaryxylemofstemsandleavesindicotsisaformofnon-randomness,andthesignificanceofvascularbundles(asopposedtosteles)asadaptiveformsoforganizationisconsideredbriefly.Monocotsdifferfromdicotsinrarelyhavingdivisionoflaborintrachearyelementswithinanorgan,butmonocotsexhibittradeoffsinwhichconductiveefficiency(vesselpresenceinanorgan)andconductivesafety(tracheidsbutnovesselsinanorgan)canbeachievedwithinasingleplant.

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