WISC-IV Subtests (see also http://harcourtassessment.com) Word Reasoning - measures reasoning with verbal material; child identifies underlying concept given successive clues. This measures a child's skills at understanding what words mean rather than simply seeing a "collection of letters." Matrix Reasoning - The child is presented with a partially filled grid and asked to select the item that properly completes the matrix. The test measures fluid reasoning. Fluid reasoning describes a child's skill at grasping nonverbal concepts (i.e., shapes, designs, visuospatial patterns) such that s/he can identify missing or incorrect aspects of those concepts and complete or correct them. This skill also is known as whole to part to whole/part to whole organization, or one's skill at deducing the appearance of a thing by analyzing its part, and identifying what the individual parts of a thing look like by examining only the complete item. This skill is used in many activities where one must identify objects, locations, landmarks, and the like by shape. Fluid intelligence also is used in tasks where one must design a thing (e.g., machine parts) to satisfy certain requirements. Picture Concepts - From each of two or three rows of objects, the child selects objects that go together based on an underlying concept. This test measures fluid reasoning, perceptual organization (i.e., the ability to organize nonverbal concepts in a way that they can be processed most quickly and accurately), and categorization (i.e., skill at recognizing the common features of nonverbal concepts). Letter-Number Sequencing - The child is presented a mixed series of numbers and letters and rearranges them such that numbers come first, from lowest to highest; then letters are next, in alphabetical order. The child also receives full credit if s/he organizes letters followed by numbers, if the letters and numbers are correctly ordered. The test measures working memory. Briefly, working memory describes one's skill at organizing and manipulating two or more somewhat different verbal concepts quickly and accurately. To perform LNS well, one must be able to remember the numbers and letters, then rearrange them in several rapid steps while remembering them. Cancellation - Measures processing speed using random and structured animal target forms (foils are common non-animal objects). The child is asked to place a strike through selected targets interspersed among a much larger group of targets on two minutes. Arithmetic: Arithmetic problems similar to those encountered in elementary math courses. Problems are administered orally and must be solved without paper and pencil. In addition to math knowledge, test measures concentration and systematic problem-solving ability. Coding-Digit Symbol: Common shapes (Ages 6-7) or numbers 1 - 7 (ages 8 and older) are paired with symbols on a key presented to child. Child has 120 seconds to go through a grid of 90 numbers/shapes and place the
correct symbol below each one. Measures visual-motor speed and complexity and motor coordination. There are
two additional, optional extensions of the coding test that measure the child's skills in learning the coding process
after completing the initial task.
Similarities: Items requiring child to describe how two given things are alike. Score on each item varies
according to the degree to which the response describes a general property primarily pertinent to both items in
the pair. Measures the child's skill in comparative reasoning. This is one's skill in recognizing the similarities
(and, by extension, the differences) between verbal ideas.
Block Design: Perhaps the butt of more jokes than any other Wechsler scale! Included in the test are nine red and
white square blocks and a spiral booklet of cards showing different color designs that can be made with the
blocks. The child must arrange the blocks to match the design formed by examiner or shown on cards. In
addition to being scored for accuracy, each item is scored for speed as well. Measures spatial problem-solving
and manipulative abilities, and fluid intelligence (specifically, whole to part/part to whole organization). Part to
whole organization describes one's skills in mentally "putting together" complex objects by seeing and mentally
manipulating it's individual parts.
Information: Items on a variety of information adults have presumably had opportunities to acquire in our
culture. No specialized or academic information included; however, some of the items cover quite sophisticated
information.
Comprehension: Items that require child to explain what should be done in certain circumstances, the meaning
of proverbs, why certain societal practices are followed, and so forth. The test measures practical judgment,
common sense, and the ability to understand and adapt to social customs. Score on each item varies (0-2 pts)
according to the degree to which the response describes the most pertinent aspects of the question.
Similarities: Items requiring child to describe how two given things are alike. Score on each item varies
according to the degree to which the response describes a general property primarily pertinent to both items in
the pair. Measures concrete, functional, and abstract concept formation.
Digit Span: Two parts, Digits forward and digits backwards. Child required to repeat 3 - 9 digits forward and 2 -
9 digits backwards. Measures short-term memory, attention, and concentration.
Vocabulary: Words of increasing difficulty are presented orally and visually. Child required to define the words.
Score (0-2) based on sophistication of definition. Measures verbal knowledge and concept formation.
Picture Completion: Several pictures, each having a part missing. Child must identify the missing part.
Measures ability to observe details and recognize specific features of the environment (i.e., whole to part
discrimination). Also measures performance in deliberately focusing attention on a task.
Symbol Search: The child is presented with several rows of items. On the right of the row, there are one or two
symbols. On the left of the row are several symbols. The child must determine, as quickly as s/he can, if the
symbol (or one of the two symbols) on the right also appears among the symbols to the left. This test is another
measure of speed and accuracy with which the child processes nonverbal information.
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