The electronic configurations of ions of many main group elementsand even a few transition elements can be predicted by assuming that thegain or loss of electrons by an atom results in a configuration analogousto that of a noble gas, which contains an octet of electrons in the valenceshell. Not all the ions that could be predicted with this rule actually form.For example, few monatomic ions have charges of +4, and none havecharges of −4. Positively charged ions are called cations, and negativelycharged ions are called anions.
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