1.2 GENERALIZED MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
Every instrumentation system has at least some of the functional components shown in Figure 1.1. The primary flow of information is from left to right. Elements and relationships depicted by dashed lines are not essential. The major difference between this system of medical instrumentation and
Figure 1.1 Generalized instrumentation system The sensor converts energy or information from the measurand to another form (usually electric). This signal is then processed and displayed so that humans can perceive the information. Elements and connections shown by dashed lines are optional for some applications.
6 1 B A S I C C O N C E P T S O F M E D I C A L I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N
conventional instrumentation systems is that the source of the signals is living tissue or energy applied to living tissue.
MEASURAND
The physical quantity, property, or condition that the system measures is called the measurand. The accessibility of the measurand is important because it may be internal (blood pressure), it may be on the body surface (electrocardiogram potential), it may emanate from the body (infrared radiation), or it may be derived from a tissue sample (such as blood or a biopsy) that is removed from the body. Most medically important measurands can be grouped in the following categories: biopotential, pressure, flow, dimensions (imaging), dis- placement (velocity, acceleration, and force), impedance, temperature, and chemical concentrations. The measurand may be localized to a specific organ or anatomical structure.
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