Germans (German: Deutsche) are a Ge

Germans (German: Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe,[3] who share a common German ancestry, culture and history, and speak the German language as their native language. Alternatively, Germans are those who live or were born in Germany.[4]

The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages.[5] Before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far.[6][7][note 1] Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, German society has been characterized by a Catholic-Protestant divide.[8]

Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world,[9] roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied[1] (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).

Today, people from countries with a German-speaking majority such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and other historically-tied countries like Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity (not ethnic identity),[10] and since the end of World War II, have not referred to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.[11][12][13]

Contents [hide]
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Origins
2.2 Medieval period
2.3 Early Modern period
2.4 Twentieth century
2.5 1945 to present
3 Identity
4 Language
4.1 Dialects
4.2 Native speakers
5 Geographic distribution
6 Culture
6.1 Literature
6.2 Philosophy
6.3 Science
6.4 Music
6.5 Cinema
6.6 Architecture
6.7 Religion
6.8 Sport
6.9 Society
7 Identity
7.1 1871–1918
7.2 1918–1945
7.3 1945–1990
7.4 1990–present
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Name
Further information: Names of Germany

Map of the Roman Empire and Magna Germania in the early 2nd century
The German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc (from diot "people"), referring to the Germanic "language of the people". It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German.

Used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of "a German" emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century.[14]

The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni. It was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic ("Dutch" and "German") dialects and their speakers.[15]

While in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni (in what became Swabia) (some, like standard Italian tedeschi, retain an older borrowing of the endonym), the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci (singular němьcь), originally with a meaning "foreigner, one who does not speak [Slavic]".

The English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century.[16][17]

History
Main articles: History of Germany, Germanic peoples and Theodiscus
The Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages.[citation needed] Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War. These states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century.[18]

Origins

Germanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 AD
The German ethnicity is linked to the Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe.[19] The early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia.[19] By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe and southward into Celtic territory.[19] During antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time.[20]

In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the (Celtic) La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the (Germanic) Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France.[20]

Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine.[21] Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany.[19] Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans.[21] In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled.[22] The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.[20]

The first major public figure to speak of a German people in general, was the Roman figure Tacitus in his work Germania around 100 AD.[23] However an actual united German identity and ethnicity did not exist then, and it would take centuries of development of German culture until the concept of a German ethnicity began to become a popular identity.[24]

The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila.[25] Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe.[25] The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca.[26] A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire.[27] After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe – who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.[28]

The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a "German" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Große.[29][30][31][32] Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Đức (tiếng Đức: Deutsche) là một nhóm sắc tộc Đức loài bản địa của châu Âu Trung, [3] những người chia sẻ một phổ biến của Đức tổ tiên, văn hóa và lịch sử, và nói tiếng Đức là ngôn ngữ mẹ đẻ của họ. Ngoài ra, người Đức là những người sống hoặc đã được sinh ra ở Đức. [4]Thuật ngữ tiếng Anh người Đức trong lịch sử đã giới thiệu cho người nói tiếng Đức dân của Đế quốc La Mã thần thánh từ cuối thời Trung cổ. [5] trước khi sự sụp đổ của chủ nghĩa cộng sản và sự thống nhất nước Đức vào năm 1990, người Đức thành lập quốc gia chia lớn nhất ở châu Âu cho đến nay. [6] [7] [ghi chú 1] Kể từ khi sự bùng nổ của cải cách Kháng cách trong Đế quốc La Mã thần thánh, Đức xã hội đã đặc trưng bởi một phân chia công giáo tin lành. [8]Của khoảng 100 triệu người bản ngữ tiếng Đức trên thế giới, [9] khoảng 80 triệu tự coi mình là người Đức. [cần dẫn nguồn] Có là một bổ sung 80 triệu người Đức gốc chủ yếu ở Hoa Kỳ, Bra-xin (chủ yếu ở miền nam của đất nước), Argentina, Canada, Nam Phi, các quốc gia hậu Xô viết (chủ yếu là ở Nga và Kazakhstan), và Pháp, mỗi chiếm ít nhất 1 triệu. [ghi chú 2] Do đó, tổng số người Đức nằm một nơi nào đó giữa 100 và hơn 150 triệu, tùy thuộc vào các tiêu chuẩn áp dụng [1] (tiếng mẹ đẻ, đơn-gốc sắc tộc Đức, một phần Đức gốc, vv.).Hôm nay, người dân từ các quốc gia với đa số nói tiếng Đức chẳng hạn như áo, Thụy sĩ, Liechtenstein và nước khác trong lịch sử ràng buộc như Luxembourg, đã phát triển riêng của bản sắc quốc gia (bản sắc dân tộc không), [10] và kể từ khi kết thúc chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai, đã không gọi mình là "Người Đức" trong một bối cảnh hiện đại. [11] [12] [13]Nội dung [ẩn] 1 tên gọi2 lịch sử2.1 nguồn gốc2.2 thời Trung cổ thời gian2.3 thời kỳ hiện đại2.4 thế kỷ 202,5 năm 1945 đến nay3 danh tính4 ngôn ngữ4.1 phương ngữ4,2 người bản ngữ5 phân phối địa lý6 văn hóa6.1 văn học6.2 triết học6.3 khoa học6.4 âm nhạc6.5 rạp chiếu phim6.6 kiến trúc6.7 tôn giáo6.8 thể thao6.9 xã hội7 danh tính7.1 1871-19187.2 1918-19457.3 1945-19907.4 1990-hiện nay8 Xem thêm9 Chú thích10 tham khảo11 tham khảo12 liên kết ngoàiTênXem thêm thông tin: tên của ĐứcBản đồ của Đế quốc La Mã và Magna Germania trong thế kỷ 2Thuật ngữ Đức Deutsche bắt nguồn từ tiếng Anh từ diutisc (từ diot "người"), đề cập đến Đức "ngôn ngữ của người". Nó là không rõ ràng như thế nào thường, nếu ở tất cả, từ được dùng như là một từ trong tiếng Anh.Được sử dụng như là một danh từ, ein diutscher trong ý nghĩa của "người Đức" nổi lên trong trung cao Đức, chứng thực từ nửa cuối thế kỷ 12. [14]Thuật ngữ tiếng Pháp cổ alemans được lấy từ tên của người Alamanni. Nó được cho mượn sang tiếng Anh trung như almains vào đầu thế kỷ 14. Từ Hà Lan được chứng thực bằng tiếng Anh từ thế kỷ 14, nghĩa là lục địa phương ngữ Tây Đức ("Hà Lan" và "Đức") và của loa. [15]Trong khi ở hầu hết các ngôn ngữ lãng mạn Đức đã được đặt tên từ Alamanni (trong những gì đã trở thành Swabia) (một số người, giống như tiêu chuẩn ý tedeschi, Giữ lại một vay lớn của endonym), tên Old Norse, tiếng Phần Lan và tiếng Estonia cho người Đức bị tách biệt nó khỏi Saxons. Trong ngôn ngữ Slavơ, người Đức đã được đặt tên němьci (số ít němьcь), ban đầu với một ý nghĩa "người nước ngoài, một trong những người không nói [Slavơ]".Thuật ngữ tiếng Đức chỉ xuất hiện từ thế kỷ giữa 16, dựa trên thuật ngữ tiếng Latinh cổ điển Germani được sử dụng bởi Julius Caesar và sau đó Tacitus. Nó dần dần thay thế tiếng Hà Lan và Almains, người sau này trở thành chủ yếu là đã lỗi thời vào đầu thế kỷ 18. [16] [17]Lịch sửBài chi tiết: lịch sử của Đức, gecmani và TheodiscusĐức là một người Đức, người là một dân tộc nổi lên trong thời Trung cổ. [cần dẫn nguồn] Ban đầu được một phần của Đế quốc La Mã thần thánh, xung quanh thành phố 300 tiểu bang độc lập Đức nổi lên trong sự suy giảm của nó sau khi hòa ước Westphalia năm 1648 kết thúc cuộc chiến tranh ba mươi năm. Các nước này cuối cùng được hình thành vào Đức hiện đại trong thế kỷ 19. [18]OriginsGermanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 ADThe German ethnicity is linked to the Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe.[19] The early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia.[19] By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe and southward into Celtic territory.[19] During antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time.[20]In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the (Celtic) La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the (Germanic) Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France.[20]Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine.[21] Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany.[19] Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans.[21] In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled.[22] The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.[20]The first major public figure to speak of a German people in general, was the Roman figure Tacitus in his work Germania around 100 AD.[23] However an actual united German identity and ethnicity did not exist then, and it would take centuries of development of German culture until the concept of a German ethnicity began to become a popular identity.[24]The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila.[25] Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe.[25] The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca.[26] A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire.[27] After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe – who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.[28]
The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a "German" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Große.[29][30][31][32] Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.