Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB is nearly equivalent to Controlled Load Service available in the integrated services model. An AF PHB defines a method by which BAs can be given different forwarding assurances.For example, network traffic can be divided into the following classes:• Gold: Traffic in this category is allocated 50 percent of the available bandwidth.• Silver: Traffic in this category is allocated 30 percent of the available bandwidth.• Bronze: Traffic in this category is allocated 20 percent of the available bandwidth.Further, the AF PHB defines four AF classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, and AF4. Each class is assigned a specific amount of buffer space and interface bandwidth, according to the SLA with the service provider or policy map.Within each AF class, you can specify three drop precedence (dP) values: 1, 2, and 3.Assured Forwarding PHB can be expressed as follows:AFnyIn this example, n represents the AF class number (1, 2, 3, or 4) and y represents the dP value (1, 2, or 3) within the AFn class.In instances of network traffic congestion, if packets in a particular AF class (for example, AF1) need to be dropped, packets in the AF1 class will be dropped according to the following guideline:dP(AFny) >= dP(AFnz) >= dP(AFnx)where dP (AFny) is the probability that packets of the AFny class will be dropped. In other words, y denotes the dP within an AFn class.In the following example, packets in the AF13 class will be dropped before packets in the AF12 class, which in turn will be dropped before packets in the AF11 class:dP(AF13) >= dP (AF12) >= dP(AF11)The dP method penalizes traffic flows within a particular BA that exceed the assigned bandwidth. Packets on these offending flows could be re-marked by a policer to a higher drop precedence.An AFx class can be denoted by the DSCP value, xyzab0, where xyz can be 001, 010, 011, or 100, and ab represents the dP value
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