was issued in 1984 in Shanghai. For the first time, a trading place for securities was formed in the Shanghai Trust and Investment Corporation in 1986. Following the formation of the first security company in Shenzhen in 1987 and the first security corporation in Shanghai in 1988 (Yu, 2009), the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHSE) and Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) were officially opened in 1990 and 1991, respectively, completing the prologue of China's progression toward the market economy. The state was no longer the sole investor and owner of the enterprises. The capital structure of many enterprises became diversified (Chen, 2007).In the early Chinese capital market, there were only 8 firms and 5 firms traded for A-shares in the SHSE and SZSE, respectively. The Provisional Regulations on Stock Enterprises in 1992 issued by the State Council induced a great many enterprises to adopt a share-based capital structure. In order to supervise and administer nationwide security markets, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) was set up within the State Council in October 12, 1992, and it formally joined the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) in 1995. In less than ten years, the number of listed firms in the SHSE and SZSE reached more than 1000. Together with the fast development of the Chinese capital market, a series of regulations, such as the Provisional Regulations on the Administration of the Issuance and Trading of Stocks (1993), Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Securities Investment Funds (1997), The Securities Law of the People's Republic of China (1998), and Regulations for Stock Issuance Examination Committee (1999), were subsequently issued. The market mechanism was gradually established and improved.Shares in the Chinese capital market were divided into four types: state-owned shares, institutional shares, individual shares, and foreign shares (B shares, foreigners invested using the Hong Kong Dollar and U.S. Dollar, originally). Until the year 2000, state-owned shares were not allowed to be traded in the Chinese capital market, which eventually led to unequal price and rights between tradable and non-tradable shares. To solve this problem, transferred and allotted state-owned shares were allowed to be traded in stock markets in 2000; this stopped in 2002. The fulfillment of China's WTO commitments in 2001 further opened China's market to the outside world and accelerated the pace of restructuring the economic system, creating a more equitable and standard import market environment (Chen, 2007). Chinese citizens were allowed to invest in B share markets commencing from 2001. The Law of Investment Securities Fund was issued in 2004. The reform on equity division was initiated by the CSRC, commencing from 2005, aiming to eliminate the price and the right differences between tradable shares and non-tradable shares. And the same year, CSRC issued the Regulations on the Administration of Listed Firms Repurchasing Public Shares (Provisional) on June 6, which could not prevent the eventual market crash because of the bear market and the reform in the circulation of non-tradable shares. To open the capital market to foreign institutions, The Provisional Regulations on Territory Securities Investment by Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors was issued in 2002, and the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII) began trading in the Chinese capital market in 2003. Together with the increased overseas investment, CSRC issued the Tentative Regulations on Overseas Securities Investment by Qualified Domestic Institutional Investors (QDII), which was formally implemented in July, 2007. After more than 20 years of development, by the end of 2010, the number of listed firms in SHSE and SZSE has reached 2013.On the other hand, although the scope of government pricing has been further narrowed, thus decreasing the types of goods and services priced by the central government, significantly increasing the market volume and commercialization of products, and allowing the formation of the market pricing mechanism (Chen, 2007), the development of market mechanism among industrial sectors is still imbalanced. In some particular industries such as the farming and mining industries, market mechanism is still in a primary stage, even though the products of farming and mining industries have become an important part of the holistic circulation system. For example, most agricultural transactions are based on spot trading and lack nationwide market information (Wang & Li, 2008), and the production and pricing of gas and petroleum are still under control of the central government. This imbalanced development among the economic sectors represents an essential feature of China's emerging market economy and raises concern about the suitability of FVA's implementation in such an economic circumstance. It also implies that FVA is not equally applicable across all economic sectors.2.2. China's adoption of FVASince the late 1980s, China's accounting regulations have been constantly reformed to accommodate economic development and transition. The most notable reforms are those made from 1992. The previous unified accounting system that served the centrally planned economy, which was established in response to the socialist construction and remodeling (Xiang, 1999), could no longer meet the demands of China's economic development. The Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises (ASBE), which is based on the Western accounting model and aimed to serve a market economy, was initiated in 1992. It was further expanded in details from the dimension of 13 industries, then revised and later improved several times in response to the deepening of China's economic system reform and eventual entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. The institutional transitions induced after the introduction of market economy and by competition pressures have pushed China's accounting system toward international harmonization by the issuance of the Accounting Regulations for Sino-Foreign Joint Venture in 1986 and ASBE in 2000 for share capital enterprises, together with the issuance of specific accounting standards such as the Related Party Disclosures and the Cash Flow Statement. The newly issued ASBE 2006 has finally realized substantial convergence with IFRS, and FVA was again adopted.
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