• Dispersion in the refractive index originates from the wings of theresonances at transition frequencies. The dispersion is called normalwhen the refractive index increases with frequency. Group velocitydispersion causes temporal broadening of short pulses.• Optical anisotropy leads to birefringence. The anisotropy is describedthrough the electric susceptibility tensor or the dielectricconstant tensor. Anisotropy can be induced in isotropic media bystrain or electric fields, giving rise respectively to the photo-elasticand electro-optic effects.• Structural chirality causes optical activity and circular dichroism.The chirality can be induced by a magnetic field, which gives riseto magneto-optical effects.
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