A nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) is

A nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) is a molecule containing a nucleoside bound to three phosphates (also known as a nucleotide). Nucleotide derivatives are necessary for life, as they are the building blocks of nucleic acids and have thousands of other roles in cell metabolism and regulation. NTPs generally provide energy and phosphate group for phosphorylations.

Natural nucleotide triphosphates include adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), 5-methyluridine triphosphate (m5UTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP). ATP is a major source of cellular energy. GTP is a very frequent cofactor of enzymes and proteins.

The terms ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP refer to those nucleotide triphosphates that contain ribose. The nucleotide triphosphates containing deoxyribose are called dNTPs, and take the prefix deoxy- in their names and small d- in their abbreviations: deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) and deoxyuridine triphosphate. The dNTPs are the building blocks for DNA (they lose two of the phosphate groups in the process of incorporation).

Apart from (d)ATP, (d)GTP, (d)CTP, (d)TTP and (d)UTP, there are other less abundant NTPs, such as intermediates of nucleotide metabolism, but also "rare" natural nucleotides or even artificial nucleotides.[1] An example of rare NTPs are the tautomeric forms of some NTPs. They can cause mismatched base pairing during DNA replication. For example, a tautomeric form of cytosine is capable of forming 3 hydrogen bonds with adenine, and it will spontaneously tautomerize to its original cytosine form, causing a mismatch. By a similar token, the deamination of cytosine leads to uracil, whereas a deamination of a commonly encountered (in eukaryotes) 5-methylcytosine will lead to thymine. However, the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase III ensures that mismatched bases are excised during replication.

Generally nucleotides are nucleosides (a ribose/deoxyribose sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base, such as adenine) that have 5' phosphate(s). However, for the sake of technical terminology, nucleotides are given classifications as nucleosides with a suffix describing the number of phosphates present in a specific unit. For example, if a nucleotide has one phosphate, it is a nucleoside monophosphate (NMP). If the nucleotide has two phosphates, then it is called a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP), and for three, it is a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP). The nucleotides that contain a ribose sugar are the monomers of RNA and those that contain a deoxyribose sugar compose DNA.

NTPs, NDPs and NMPs are ubiquitous in the cell cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles. Given their multifarious functions, their levels are under fairly tight metabolic control. Shifts in the ratio of available nucleotides can cause shifts in their incorporation, which, if not corrected, can lead to mutations. Most of the discussion on mutual ratios of nucleotides should belong under entry nucleotide, but concentrating strictly on the abundance of the triphosphorylated versions, we find that ATP spending is replenished by oxidative phosphorylation, while phosphorylation status of other nucleotides is regulated by NDP kinases (EC 2.7.4.6) and NMP kinases (EC 2.7.4.4) that use ATP pool as their cross-phosphorylation source.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) is one phân tử contain a nucleoside bị ràng buộc vào ba phốt phát (are not known as a nucleotide). Các dẫn xuất Nucleotide is required for cuộc sống, vì they are those khối xây dựng of the axit nucleic and has hàng ngàn all vai trò trong sự trao đổi chất of tế bào and other quy định. CTMTQG thường cung cấp năng lượng and phosphate groups for phosphoryl hóa. Tự nhiên nucleotide triphosphate includes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), triphosphate cytidine (CTP), 5-methyluridine triphosphate (m5UTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP). ATP is one nguồn chính of năng lượng tế bào. GTP is one cofactor much thường xuyên of men and protein. Các điều khoản ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP tham khảo triphosphate Nhung nucleotide have store ribose. triphosphate nucleotide have store deoxyribose called is dNTP, and mất all prefix deoxy-in name and smaller d-trong chữ viết tắt their: deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) and deoxyuridine triphosphate. Các dNTP is blocks xây dựng cho DNA (they mất hai trong số groups photphat trong quá trình kết hợp). Ngoài (d) ATP, (d) GTP, (d) CTP, (d) TTP và (d) UTP, có khác CTMTQG ít phổ biến than, chẳng hạn like trung gian chuyển hóa nucleotide, but are "hiếm" nucleotide tự nhiên or nhân tạo even nucleotide. [1] one example hiếm CTMTQG is tautome the hình thức of an số CTMTQG. Họ you can give does not match cơ sở ghép trong quá trình sao chép DNA. For example, one dạng tautome cytosine be able to create 3 liên kết hiđrô with the adenine, and it will tautomerize to hình thức cytosine have bản gốc of its cause the one does not phù hợp. Bởi one mã thông báo tương tự, khử amin cytosine dẫn uracil đến, during an khử amin one 5 methylcytosine thường gặp (ở sinh vật nhân chuẩn) will dẫn to thymine. However, the 3 'đến 5' exonuclease hoạt động của DNA polymerase III đảm bảo căn cứ does not match been cắt trong quá trình sao chép. Nói chung nucleotide nucleoside is (one đường ribose / deoxyribose a link with one cơ sở đạm, chẳng hạn like adenine) have 5 'phosphate (s). Tuy nhiên, vì lợi ích of thuật ngữ kỹ thuật, nucleotide been category as nucleoside with one hậu tố mô tả số lượng phốt phát hiện diện in one đơn vị cụ thể. For example, if one nucleotide have a phosphate, it is a nucleoside monophosphate (NMP). if nucleotide have two phốt phát, then it called is one diphosphate nucleoside (NDP ), and for ba, it is a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP). Các nucleotide may contain a đường ribose is monome RNA and users have store đường deoxyribose soạn DNA. CTMTQG, NDPs and NMPs been phổ biến in all tế bào chất of tế bào, kernel and other bào quan. If the chức năng phong phú, level độ their đang kiểm soát khá chặt ché, trao đổi chất. Thay đổi trong tỷ lệ nucleotide builtin you can give changes in the company of them, in which, if not be corrected, perhaps dẫn to đột biến. Hầu hết all cuộc thảo luận về tỷ lệ are mutually exclusive of nucleotide be thuộc under the mục nucleotide, but tập trung hoàn toàn vào sự phong phú of các phiên bản triphosphorylated, we found that ATP chi tiêu been bổ sung bởi oxy hóa phosphoryl hóa, during the state phosphoryl nucleotide been quy định bởi sach kinase (EC 2.7.4.6) and NMP kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) ATP sử dụng hồ bơi is cross-phosphoryl nguồn their.

Kết quả (Việt) 2:

Một triphosphate nucleoside (NTP) is one phân tử may contain a nucleoside ràng buộc to ba phốt phát (còn called is one nucleotide). Các dẫn xuất Nucleotide is required for cuộc sống, vì they are those khối xây dựng of the axit nucleic and has hàng ngàn all vai trò khác trong quá trình chuyển hóa tế bào and quy định. CTMTQG thường cung cấp năng lượng and phosphate groups for phosphoryl hóa. triphosphate nucleotide tự nhiên includes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP) , cytidine triphosphate (CTP), 5-methyluridine triphosphate (m5UTP), and triphosphate uridine (UTP). ATP is nguồn năng lượng chính of tế bào. GTP is one đồng yếu tố much thường xuyên of the enzym and protein. Các điều khoản ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP tham khảo those triphosphate nucleotide have store ribose. Các triphosphate nucleotide store deoxyribose called is dNTP sẽ, and obtain deoxy- tiền tố trong tên their and d- nhỏ in chữ viết tắt của: deoxyadenosine triphosphate ( dATP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) and triphosphate deoxyuridine. Các dNTP sẽ is blocks xây dựng cho DNA (they mất hai of groups phosphate trong quá trình thành lập công ty). Ngoài (d) ATP, (d) GTP, (d) CTP, (d) TTP và (d) UTP, may CTMTQG khác ít phong phú, chẳng hạn like chất trung gian of quá trình chuyển hóa nucleotide, but are nucleotide tự nhiên "hiếm" or even nucleotide nhân tạo. [1] one example về CTMTQG hiếm is which hình thức tautomeric of an số CTMTQG. They have not be give is not phù hợp cặp cơ sở in sao chép DNA. For example, one hình thức tautomeric of cytosine able to hình thành 3 liên kết thủy with the adenine, and it will tautomerize mẫu cytosine cấm beginning of it, give sự can not phù hợp. Bằng one mã thông báo tương tự, sự khử amin of cytosine dẫn to uracil, during an khử amin of an thường gặp (ở sinh vật nhân chuẩn) 5-methylcytosine would dẫn to thymine. Tuy nhiên, 3 'đến 5' Hoạt động exonuclease of DNA polymerase III ensure that all căn cứ no hạnh phúc been cắt bỏ trong quá trình sao chép. Nói chung nucleotide is nucleoside (one loại đường ribose / deoxyribose đồng hóa trị ngoại related to one cơ sở đạm, such as adenine) have 5 'phosphate (S). Tuy nhiên, vì lợi ích of the thuật ngữ kỹ thuật, nucleotide been cho phân loại like nucleoside with one hậu tố mô tả số lượng phốt phát hiện in one đơn vị cụ thể. for example, if one nucleotide have a phosphate, it is a monophosphate nucleoside (NMP). if the nucleotide have two phốt phát, then it called is one diphosphate nucleoside (NDP), and with the ba, it is a triphosphate nucleoside (NTP). Các nucleotide may contain a đường ribose is monome of RNA and users have contain a đường deoxyribose soạn DNA. CTMTQG, NDPs and NMPs is phổ biến trong tế bào tế bào chất, kernel and other bào quan. with chức năng phong phú their, level độ their been kiểm soát chuyển hóa khá chặt ché. Những changes in tỷ lệ of the nucleotide builtin may can give sự changes in kết hợp their, in which, if adjust, perhaps dẫn to đột biến. Hầu hết all cuộc thảo luận về all tỷ lệ are mutually exclusive of the nucleotide non numeric under the mục nucleotide, but tập trung chặt ché vào sự phong phú of the phiên bản triphosphorylated, chung ta thấy that chi tiêu ATP been bổ sung bằng cách phosphoryl hóa oxy hóa, during the state phosphoryl nucleotide khác been quy định bởi NDP kinase (EC 2.7.4.6) and NMP kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) have used hồ bơi ATP is nguồn chéo phosphoryl hóa their.