The 1954 Geneva Accords concluded b

The 1954 Geneva Accords concluded between France and the Viet Minh, allowing the latter's forces to regroup in the North whilst anti-communist groups settled in the South. Ho's Democratic Republic of Vietnam relocated to Hanoi and became the government of North Vietnam, a communist-led single-party state.
Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period in which people could freely move between the two regions of Vietnam, later known as South Vietnam and North Vietnam. More than 1 million North Vietnamese people fled to the South, while a much smaller number moved North.[58] It is estimated that as many as two million more would have left had they not been stopped by the Viet Minh.[59] Neither the United States government nor Ngo Dinh Diem's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng,[60] who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".[61] The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan," with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom.[62] It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation and North Vietnamese.[62]
In North Vietnam during the 1950s, political opposition groups were suppressed; those publicly opposing the government were imprisoned in hard labor camps. Many middle-class, intellectual Northerners had been lured into speaking out against Ho's communist regime, and most of those who did were later imprisoned in gulags or executed; this became known as the Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm affair. Some prisoners died of exhaustion, starvation, illness (often having received no medical attention), or assault by prison guards. Political scientist R. J. Rummel suggests a figure of 24,000 camp deaths during Ho's rule of North Vietnam between 1945 and 1956.[63]
The government launched "rent reduction" and "land reform" programs, which, according to Steven Rosefielde, were "aimed at exterminating class enemies."[64] Declassified Politburo documents confirm that 1 in 1,000 North Vietnamese (i.e., about 14,000 people) were the minimum quota targeted for execution during the earlier "rent reduction" campaign; the number killed during the multiple stages of the considerably more radical "land reform" was probably many times greater.[65] Lam Thanh Liem, a major authority on land issues in Vietnam, conducted multiple interviews in which communist cadres gave estimates for land reform executions ranging from 120,000 to 200,000. Such figures match the "nearly 150,000 houses and huts which were allocated to new occupants".[66] A number of sources have suggested that about 30% of the "landlords" executed were actually communist party members.[66][67][68][69][70] Landlords were arbitrarily classified as 5.68% of the population, but the majority were subject to less severe punishment than execution. Official records from the time suggest that 172,008 "landlords" were executed during the "land reform", of whom 123,266 (71.66%) were later found to be wrongly classified.[71] Victims were reportedly shot, beheaded, and beaten to death; "some were tied up, thrown into open graves and covered with stones until they were crushed to death".[72] The full death toll was even greater because victims' families starved to death under the "policy of isolation."[73] As communist defector Le Xuan Giao explained: "There was nothing worse than the starvation of the children in a family whose parents were under the control of a land reform team. They isolated the house, and the people who lived there would starve. The children were all innocent. There was nothing worse than that. They wanted to see the whole family dead."[74] Hoàng Văn Chí wrote that as many as 500,000 North Vietnamese may have died during the 1950s and 1960s as a result of the policies of Ho's government.[75] In 1956, about 6,000 peasants in Nghệ An Province were allegedly massacred by PAVN government troops in response to a revolt against unbearable taxes.[72]

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Năm 1954 các Hiệp định Genève ký kết giữa Pháp và Việt Minh, cho phép các lực lượng này để tập hợp ở phía bắc trong khi chống cộng nhóm định cư ở phía Nam. Hồ của cộng hòa dân chủ Việt Nam chuyển Hà Nội và trở thành chính phủ miền Bắc Việt Nam, một nhà nước độc đảng Cộng sản đã dẫn.Sau Hiệp định Geneva, có là là một giai đoạn 300-ngày trong đó người dân có thể tự do di chuyển giữa hai khu vực của Việt Nam, sau này được gọi là miền Nam Việt Nam và Bắc Việt Nam. Hơn 1 triệu người Bắc Việt Nam đã bỏ chạy về phía Nam, trong khi một số lượng nhỏ hơn nhiều di chuyển Bắc. [58] nó ước tính rằng như nhiều như hai triệu nhiều hơn sẽ có trái có họ không được ngừng bởi Việt Minh. [59] chính phủ Hoa Kỳ cũng như nhà nước Việt Nam Ngô Đình Diệm đã ký bất cứ điều gì tại hội nghị Genève năm 1954. Đối với câu hỏi sự thống nhất nước, các đoàn đại biểu Việt Nam Phi Cộng sản phản đối kỹ lưỡng để bất kỳ bộ phận của Việt Nam, nhưng bị mất khi người Pháp chấp nhận đề nghị của đại biểu Việt Minh Phạm Văn đồng, [60] những người đề xuất rằng Việt Nam cuối cùng được thống nhất bởi cuộc bầu cử dưới sự giám sát của "Ủy ban địa phương". [61] Hoa Kỳ ngược với những gì được gọi là "Người Mỹ kế hoạch," với sự hỗ trợ của miền Nam Việt Nam và Vương Quốc Anh. [62] nó cung cấp cho cuộc bầu cử thống nhất dưới sự giám sát của Liên Hiệp Quốc, nhưng đã bị từ chối bởi các đoàn đại biểu Xô viết và Bắc Việt Nam. [62]Ở Việt Nam trong những năm 1950, nhóm chính trị đối lập bị đàn áp; những người công khai phản đối chính phủ bị giam giữ trong các trại lao động cứng. Nhiều tầng lớp trung lưu, trí tuệ Northerners đã được thu hút vào nói ra chống lại chế độ cộng sản của hồ, và hầu hết những người đã được sau đó bị giam giữ tại Gulag hoặc thực hiện; Điều này được gọi là các thương vụ Nhân Văn-Giai Phẩm. Một số tù nhân đã chết vì kiệt sức, đói, bệnh tật (thường có nhận chăm sóc y tế không có), hoặc tấn công bởi lính gác nhà tù. Nhà khoa học chính trị R. J. Rummel cho thấy một con số 24.000 trại chết trong thời gian cai trị của hồ của Bắc Việt Nam từ năm 1945 tới năm 1956. [63]The government launched "rent reduction" and "land reform" programs, which, according to Steven Rosefielde, were "aimed at exterminating class enemies."[64] Declassified Politburo documents confirm that 1 in 1,000 North Vietnamese (i.e., about 14,000 people) were the minimum quota targeted for execution during the earlier "rent reduction" campaign; the number killed during the multiple stages of the considerably more radical "land reform" was probably many times greater.[65] Lam Thanh Liem, a major authority on land issues in Vietnam, conducted multiple interviews in which communist cadres gave estimates for land reform executions ranging from 120,000 to 200,000. Such figures match the "nearly 150,000 houses and huts which were allocated to new occupants".[66] A number of sources have suggested that about 30% of the "landlords" executed were actually communist party members.[66][67][68][69][70] Landlords were arbitrarily classified as 5.68% of the population, but the majority were subject to less severe punishment than execution. Official records from the time suggest that 172,008 "landlords" were executed during the "land reform", of whom 123,266 (71.66%) were later found to be wrongly classified.[71] Victims were reportedly shot, beheaded, and beaten to death; "some were tied up, thrown into open graves and covered with stones until they were crushed to death".[72] The full death toll was even greater because victims' families starved to death under the "policy of isolation."[73] As communist defector Le Xuan Giao explained: "There was nothing worse than the starvation of the children in a family whose parents were under the control of a land reform team. They isolated the house, and the people who lived there would starve. The children were all innocent. There was nothing worse than that. They wanted to see the whole family dead."[74] Hoàng Văn Chí wrote that as many as 500,000 North Vietnamese may have died during the 1950s and 1960s as a result of the policies of Ho's government.[75] In 1956, about 6,000 peasants in Nghệ An Province were allegedly massacred by PAVN government troops in response to a revolt against unbearable taxes.[72]