Toilette soaps generally have been carefully washed free of any alkali remainingfrom saponification. As much glycerol as possible is usually left in the soap andperfumes and medicinal agents are sometimes added. Soft soaps are made by usingpotassium hydroxide, yielding potassium salts. They are used in shaving creams andliquid soaps.Because soaps are salts of strong bases and weak acids, they should be weaklyalkaline in aqueous solution. However, a soap with free alkali can cause damage toskin, silk, or wool. Therefore, a test for basicity of the soap is quite important.Soap has been largely replaced by synthetic detergents during the last two decades,because soap has two serious drawbacks. One is that soap becomes ineffective in hardwater; this is water that contains appreciable amounts of Ca2+ or Mg2+ salts.
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