Similarly, male things are unmarked

Similarly, male things are unmarked, while female things are marked with special endings like "ess" and "ette". For example: "actress", "poetess". In dog breeding, the male is known as the "dog" while the female is known as the "bitch". In man (humanity), the male is known as the "man", while the female is known as the "woman". In a discussion about some random persons, "he" is often used to refer to one of them. The ending ‘ette" by the way is also used for the diminutive or non-serious, as in "dinette". In general, femaleness in language is associated with small size and non-seriousness. (as in, 'an actor worries about interpretation, an actress worries about cellulite').
Outside of linguistics, markedness refers more generally to a choice that has meaning. If I meet you on campus and say "Hi, how are you?" you may or may not even answer the question. But if I say "Hi, how’s your dad?" this is special. You are likely to think of the question as actually asking how your dad is. It carries the implication that your Dad is not well. In general, when you choose the marked choice (the non-normal choice), you are making a statement. There is meaning.
When a man wears a suit to work, it doesn’t normally have much meaning: its just normal. That doesn’t mean we can’t interpret the action. If we bothered to think about it, we might say the person is a team-player, they conform to customs, they are not rebels. But the clothing is not interpreted as intentionally making a statement. In contrast, if they show up in shorts one day, it makes a statement. It will be seen as a deliberate choice. As having intentional meaning.
Tannen says that most of what women do is marked, just as femaleness is marked in the language itself. They don’t seem to have as many neutral choices that say nothing special about them.
Women’s clothing and footwear is extremely varied, brightly colored, unique. In fact, it's considered an embarrassment for two women at a party to be wearing exactly the same dress. But you could have 100 men in identical gray suits and no one would even notice.
On the color issue, there is that great 1992 article quoted in Tannen on women in congress (pg 113).
Similarly, men don’t wear makeup, but women do. Make-up is just like adding ‘ette’ or ‘ed’ to a verb to create a special meaning. It is an extra thing you do to the face (and nails) to communicate a look. My cousing has ankle bracelets, a ring in her belly button, another in her eyebrow, and a stud in her tongue. She is distinguishing herself from the pack.
Hairstyle is the same way. There are far more styles available for women than for men.
Very small nuances in how clothes are worn communicate volumes in women, but not in men. If I unbutton one more button on my shirt, do you start forming opinions about me? What about for a woman?
Even forms of address are very telling. In survey forms, there are usually 4 choices: one for men, three for women: Mrs vs Ms vs Miss cf Mr.
Usually a marked term has an unmarked opposite, such as "happy" (unmarked) vs. "unhappy" (marked), "old" (unmarked) vs. "young" (marked) and "big" (unmarked) vs. "little" (marked). So you don't generally have unmarked and marked terms meaning exactly the same thing, from what I can tell.
For male/female distinctions (at least in English), unaffixed male terms are often unmarked, while affixed female terms are often marked, as can be see from "man"/"woman" and "lion"/"lioness" distinction, where "man" and "lion" are much more broad and dominant terms than "woman" and "lioness", which are quite specific. Furthermore, singular forms are usually unmarked, while plural forms are often marked.
So usually, marked terms are not simply marked versions of unmarked terms, they have different meanings even when not considering their markedness.
It has been theorised that markedness reduces cognitive complexity.
host is unmarked, buthostess is morphologically marked for femaleness. The mark is not necessarily visible or audible: in the pair horse/mare, horse is the more general, unmarked term, while mare is marked for femaleness. In the pair cow/bull, cow is unmarked, while bull is marked for maleness. The terms are sometimes extended to wider, typological characteristics of languages, and also to social situations, to distinguish between normal (unmarked) behaviour and a less common variant.

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Tương tự, Nam điều đang bỏ đanh dâu, trong khi nữ điều được đánh dấu bằng các hậu tố đặc biệt như "ess" và "ette". Ví dụ: "diễn viên", "nhà". Trong chăn nuôi chó, Nam giới được gọi là "dog" trong khi con cái được gọi là "chó". Trong con người (nhân loại), Nam giới được gọi là "người", trong khi con cái được gọi là "người phụ nữ". Trong một cuộc thảo luận về một số những người ngẫu nhiên, "ông" thường được sử dụng để chỉ một trong số họ. Kết thúc ' ette "bằng cách này cũng được sử dụng cho nhỏ bé hay không-nghiêm trọng, như trong"dinette". Nói chung, femaleness trong ngôn ngữ được kết hợp với kích thước nhỏ và không có mức độ nghiêm trọng. (như trong, 'một diễn viên lo lắng về việc giải thích, một nữ diễn viên lo lắng về cellulite').Bên ngoài của ngôn ngữ học, markedness nói chung dùng để chỉ một sự lựa chọn có ý nghĩa. Nếu tôi gặp các bạn trên khuôn viên trường và nói "Xin chào, khoẻ không?", bạn có thể hoặc có thể thậm chí không trả lời các câu hỏi. Nhưng nếu tôi nói "Hi, làm thế nào là cha của bạn?" điều này là đặc biệt. Bạn có thể suy nghĩ của những câu hỏi như trên thực tế yêu cầu làm thế nào cha của bạn là. Nó mang ngụ ý rằng cha của bạn là không tốt. Nói chung, khi bạn chọn đánh dấu lựa chọn (lựa chọn không bình thường), bạn đang làm cho một tuyên bố. Đó là ý nghĩa.When a man wears a suit to work, it doesn’t normally have much meaning: its just normal. That doesn’t mean we can’t interpret the action. If we bothered to think about it, we might say the person is a team-player, they conform to customs, they are not rebels. But the clothing is not interpreted as intentionally making a statement. In contrast, if they show up in shorts one day, it makes a statement. It will be seen as a deliberate choice. As having intentional meaning.Tannen says that most of what women do is marked, just as femaleness is marked in the language itself. They don’t seem to have as many neutral choices that say nothing special about them.Women’s clothing and footwear is extremely varied, brightly colored, unique. In fact, it's considered an embarrassment for two women at a party to be wearing exactly the same dress. But you could have 100 men in identical gray suits and no one would even notice.On the color issue, there is that great 1992 article quoted in Tannen on women in congress (pg 113).Similarly, men don’t wear makeup, but women do. Make-up is just like adding ‘ette’ or ‘ed’ to a verb to create a special meaning. It is an extra thing you do to the face (and nails) to communicate a look. My cousing has ankle bracelets, a ring in her belly button, another in her eyebrow, and a stud in her tongue. She is distinguishing herself from the pack.Hairstyle is the same way. There are far more styles available for women than for men.Very small nuances in how clothes are worn communicate volumes in women, but not in men. If I unbutton one more button on my shirt, do you start forming opinions about me? What about for a woman?Even forms of address are very telling. In survey forms, there are usually 4 choices: one for men, three for women: Mrs vs Ms vs Miss cf Mr.Usually a marked term has an unmarked opposite, such as "happy" (unmarked) vs. "unhappy" (marked), "old" (unmarked) vs. "young" (marked) and "big" (unmarked) vs. "little" (marked). So you don't generally have unmarked and marked terms meaning exactly the same thing, from what I can tell.For male/female distinctions (at least in English), unaffixed male terms are often unmarked, while affixed female terms are often marked, as can be see from "man"/"woman" and "lion"/"lioness" distinction, where "man" and "lion" are much more broad and dominant terms than "woman" and "lioness", which are quite specific. Furthermore, singular forms are usually unmarked, while plural forms are often marked.So usually, marked terms are not simply marked versions of unmarked terms, they have different meanings even when not considering their markedness.It has been theorised that markedness reduces cognitive complexity. máy chủ là bỏ đanh dâu, buthostess về mặt hình Thái bằng cách đánh dấu femaleness. Đánh dấu là không nhất thiết phải có thể nhìn thấy hoặc nghe: trong cặp ngựa/mare, ngựa là một thuật ngữ tổng quát hơn, bỏ đanh dâu, trong khi mare được đánh dấu cho femaleness. Trong cặp bò/bull, bò là bỏ đanh dâu, trong khi con bò được đánh dấu cho maleness. Các điều khoản được đôi khi mở rộng rộng lớn hơn, typological đặc điểm của ngôn ngữ, và cũng để tình huống xã hội, để phân biệt giữa hành vi bình thường (bỏ đanh dâu) và một biến thể ít phổ biến hơn.