International aid and the development ethicSince the 1980s there has been growing political and ethical debate about development and how it can best be achieved. This, in part, reflected mounting disillusionment with ‘orthodox’, market-based approaches to development, greater attention being paid to more critical and reflective ‘alternative’ theories of develoment that, amongst other things, give greater scope for Southern views rather than technocratic intervention by the North. Amartya Sen’s (1999) notion of ‘development as freedom’ and growing interest in the ‘human development’ approach to poverty are examples of this process. In addition to this, a global anti-poverty movement started to emerge, often acting as the most prominent element within the larger anti-globalization or anti-capitalist movement. The anti-poverty message has been conveyed by a wide range of development NGOs, groups such as Jubilee 2000 (which campaigned for the end of developing world debt by the year 2000) and the Make Poverty History campaign, and by the Live Aid concerts in 1985 (which aimed to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia) and the Live 8 concerts and protests that sought to exert influence on the 2005 G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland. One consequence of this has been a willingness to make bolder assertions about what Jeffrey Sachs (2005) called the ‘end of poverty’, and to set ambitious targets for its achievement. The most significant
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